LibreOffice/6.1.5.2$Linux_X86_64 LibreOffice_project/10$Build-2 0 0 14099 9999 true $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(user)/config/standard.sob 0 $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(user)/config/standard.soc $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(user)/config/standard.sod 1270 false $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(user)/config/standard.sog $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(user)/config/standard.soh false false true true false false true false false false $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(user)/config/standard.soe false 7 4 false 0 low-resolution false false 1 1 true Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3) Circunferência escrotal e medidas corporais de touros Hereford e Braford do Nordeste da Argentina Recibido: 2021­07­09. Aceptado: 2022­04­25 1 Autor para correspondencia: natyvallejos10@gmail.com 2 Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral,Chaco, Argentina 3 Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina 215 Araceli Rocio Marisel Gonzalez Natalia Mercedes Vallejos iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAjCAIAAABUyb6fAAAFzklEQVR4nN2YW2wUVRiAzz8z e2+7l7J1abu7QrkUDJciBQGhIRGjITE+yKNGEmLkhT4ZG3kwMcFbeNLEF58IiSaEGKKgxAdU QELxkgItbdruLrCl7dLt3mZvszNzjmdmZ9stl850V9H4p01m5sz8/3f+c/7LWY4Qgv6rwv3b AIvJ/xOObgaousUE4fJDUJ4zC0efLBwhGAEuyZlY+vpM7iZfiOTEBCZFBiw2k8dpDXoc633O LVbWjYBVMZknBEeQnC6GhmOnJ5MXS4hXHigu03yZEUenc9fQLMcRR7ure23LaxQU4B+GU+Ma izhzY+JEOHFOQvnKyqkrObeOhFOvsAz8nfRP0dSVoHvfZv8hK+dRh5dAaRyOAMjJQvhK6Bj1 DbUBD267RwuGfCR1JpYd2LWyr9m+AQAb5zMIR72GZ/PDl8ePFvCsqh2rz3XhSBklL0V/Hn3v +ZXv+5xbHwqmeuFQpnT7UvhoEcfLellia3PvTuXG02IEjFkqoeTlyAd713zosVH/ISN8huAk XOgPfVqQZuc4gs0vbAu+kyyMnh8+jEAyYgkQI5LU1fDxfZ2fmTmXEbv6cITIo7FTieJNgHmC VD6UFaLT6T+RsodooIK6WNoXoN0+gjgjhgenTnT5jxjxtw4cTRJFaWYk9g2BBboSxZFzQ2+q OVeBAxrI9AKgQogf60vCjMW/X9XySqNlhS6fDhy1Fon/KJAEWuAbZDf5NvkO3s8NhhLf0qed LQfc1tVIS3cUUy6KydncrRg/gAlPqhlAxig7fv9cl/+wrnVdz8m3Exe0yyqxsM7gshepf0KJ 7+jQ8obtPuc2Wct8REm5xESdlBcnB6JfRvkLVY5UJjmRvLix7SDHNNQDR7LCVEa4S6f7UHJa 4Ei1REg/3DiSEyfoAMuYHVZve9PuNb5Xd3Yc/e1OUzhxpipRQ06aTuXDyxo21gxHazlJ5sYI KiLCqtVpsWnQP8zkCZtXygjKJ4VEamZkMn2lZ+1HtDzc5wd46fb88gJO5sfqgVMyLS9EkVIW DTakVdZVTyeFW0P3Tm4J9K7y7h+Y+qJqFGeKUV11j4Uj6r8g8obJHiEY4G7q8ubA297GzTDJ EmV7aLpFmdctFbp5rq4mnga7KPGynLeb3aotufLYkFqdgDBxjnlDtYAyLGtlGGtJSBGNTFFL FXGMXbeuPBZOmR1Ao6VNya9QGxkV7GvqZsEWz44QkCosDA1/qln340U8pxC57B2AOIJEvWyu jBIlosncLRUz07Jh+esYCaH42aqXaRpgnfZV9cApNpw2v8Pky0kTuoooGUMwVvs8hjBArF7H uq7AW42W9uGpr5OFwar6RyyMp9lRLxwVS8DVMzzz1QN5Tq305XJQboQpG7c98K5ESkoSBovD 5qUljqDS4PSJodhJAtWBCW2unRyrUx704ajVjpaXxuJnJJRbAEeEnHBPkOJE4UIF2iOLM422 1gq6VCylorOXIonz6VKYaH2KphKIqaNlP51CvXB08zaYAx3NL4/GT1fX75QQPnvrYLkwMIRc u3tcq2+kAk8LDIgqjLLg1fPyu3qa7ev/nmYTgHum9Q1aiHhl52lm1OgVkXa2gfK1NjD3obbu CyBsjLer7RAYa3INvWRmPd0r+n4Z75NJrubTMnUgS6zdT/faLK0GPzEERwPN27DpuWBff+SY BEJtcAw2P+vvbW3aY/DMYRROUY1Yv7uHZS1XI5+UtGOOERv0HZmGtgmc24K9Afc+WIrfDcKV dw/b2riDHk/+uPN5LPt7pYovLjRSzV77hq3BI25bx1J/Q1nCiV8tYmyTZUXP6o/vpX4dnj6V LAzJIDFKqoD5cwPIRAlPlu4xl3Vl51MHgp69DNiMH1drgZsTBsx+15521w7azU6k+mdy1/li VJCzNOXSMDQzTU2Wdk9DZ5tzV7NjDSBTZSmXHEm1/gQGtExZ3Y51bsd6tWeWJDmPaS8MLN2X DDJXks6SvVUtfwHs1XPT2ljQsQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== 1 Scrotal circumference and body measurements of Hereford and Braford bulls from Northeastern Argentina Abstract. The main objective of this study was to compare body mensuraments and the scrotal circumference of Hereford and Braford bulls from birth until one year of age in Northeastern Argentina and study the relationship between these two measuraments. The bodyweight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), rump height (RH) and thoracic circumference (TC) wererecordede in 225 Braford and 224 Hereford bulls from five farms. The data were analyzed for normal distribution and comparison of the means by the Dunnett test at 5 % probability, followed by analysis of variance utilizing the effects of breed, farm within the state and year. Pairwise correlations were calculated among the traits. The scrotal circumference at one year of age was greater in Hereford bulls (27.86 ± 2.91 cm) than the Braford bulls. The thoracic circumference (156.62 ± 17.15 cm) and the rump height (120.51 ± 11.00 cm) were greaterin Braford than in Hereford bulls animals. There were differences among the farms (P < 0.05). Farm 2 had animals with the greatest BW and TC, while the animals of Farm 1 had the greatest SC. The animals of farm 2 presented significant differences in BW (P< 0.05) than the animals of the other farms. The correlation was strong (r = 0.55 a 0.80) between BW and weaning weight; and SC, BW and TC presented high pairwise correlations (r = 0.55 to 0.80). 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Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Av. 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Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar medidas corporais e a circunferência escrotal de machos Hereford e Braford desde o nascimento até o ano de idade no Norte Argentino, e verificar a relação entre essas duas caracteristicas. Foram avaliados o peso, circunferência escrotal, altura de garupa e perímetro torácico de registros de 225 animais Braford e 224 animais Hereford. Foi feita análise estatística de normalidade dos dados, comparação das médias pelo teste de “Dunnet” ao nível de 5 % de probabilidade, análise de variância utilizando efeitos de raça, propriedade dentro de estado e ano, e calculadas as correlações entre as características. A circunferência escrotal ao ano de idade foi maior para os animais Hereford (27.86 ± 2.91 cm) do que nos Braford. O perímetro torácico (156.62 ± 17.15) e altura da garupa (120.51 ± 11.00 cm) foram maiores nos animais Braford. Quanto ao efeito da propriedade não houve diferenças entre as provincias. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre propriedades, a Propiedade 2 foi a que teve animais com maior peso ao ano (PA) e maior PT, e Propriedade 1 com CE maior. Na Propiedade 2, para PA apresentou diferença significativa (P < 0.05) com as demais propriedades. Foi observado flutuação dos resultados das caracteristicas avaliadas ao longo dos anos. As características PA e PD; CE, PA e PT apresentaram alta correlação entre si (r = 0.55 a 0.80). Um desenvolvimento similar foi observado entre os animais das duas raças na região do Nordeste da Argentina. 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Na produção animal do Nordeste da Argentina, a bovinocultura é uma das principais actividades, apresentando a melhor adaptação às condições agro­ climáticas da região (Chiossone, 2006). Nesse contexto, são necessárias raças capazes de desenvolver­se em diferentes sistemas de criação. Segundo o relatorio nacional agropecuário do ano 2018, as raças Hereford e Braford foram aquelas mais prevalentes nos estabelecimentos pecuarios a nivel nacional. Essas duas raças estão establecidas no norte do pais, e a raça Braford que oferece resultados de maior produtividade, representa mais de 60 % dos rebanhos da região (ABA, 2019). Essas raças são utilizadas para a produção de carne, por sua precocidade, tamanho corporal, eficiência na conversão alimentar, adaptabilidade, e temperamento tranquilo (AACH, 2004; ABA, 2005). Entretanto os trabalhos que relatam crescimento e eficiencia reprodutiva dessas duas raças na Argentina são escassos. Em bovinos de corte, a seleção genética busca estabelecer biótipos adaptados às diversas condições ambientais de criação para que estes possam expressar seu potencial genético, com a variação de seus tipos morfológicos e padrões de desenvolvimento corporal (Flávio et al., 2014). Nesta espécie, a reprodução dos machos é um processo complexo e a seleção direta para estas características é muitas vezes difícil de ser aplicada. Assim, identificar as características correlaccionadas de facil determinação (Mello, 2014), como peso corporal e circunferência escrotal é necessário. A circunferência escrotal é uma das medidas mais utilizadas para avaliar o tamanho testicular, não apenas por sua simplicidade em relação às demais, mas também por sua alta correlação com a produção e qualidade espermática e com a diminuição da idade de puberdade da progênie (Nava Trujillo et al., 2017). Além disso, essa característica possui correlação de valor moderado a alto com o ganho de peso (peso ao nascimento, peso ao desmame e peso ao sobreano), características reprodutivas das fêmeas (idade ao primeiro parto, probabilidade de prenhez, número de dias para o parto e intervalo entre partos) e características reprodutivas dos machos (volume testicular, formato testicular e defeitos espermáticos) (Siqueira e Pinho, 2013). As características de circunferencia escrotal e peso apresentam alta correlação genética entre si (Sarreiro et al., 2002), mostrando suas bases genéticas comuns. Dessa maneira, a circunferencia escrotal é uma característica adequada para identificação de touros com maiores potenciais de ganho de peso. Entre as caracteristicas ponderais mais estudadas e correlacionadas geneticamente com os parâmetros reprodutivos são peso ao nascimento (PN), peso ao desmame (PD) e peso ao sobreano (PSOB) (Siqueira e Pinho, 2013). Contudo, fatores genéticos, baixa eficiência reprodutiva, aspectos sanitários e nutricionais influenciam diretamente os índices produtivos na pecuária (Kerst et al., 2017). O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar algumas medições corporais e a circunferência escrotal de machos Hereford e Braford desde o nascimento até o ano de idade no Norte Argentino, e verificar a relação entre essas duas caracteristicas. Introducción Circunferencia escrotal y medidas corporales de toros Hereford y Braford del noreste argentino Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar medidas corporales y circunferencia escrotal de machos Hereford y Braford desde el nacimiento hasta el año de edaD en el norte Argentino, y verificar la relación entre esas dos caracteristicas. Fueron evaluados el peso (P), circunferencia escrotal (CE), altura a la grupa (AG) y circunferencia torácica (CT), de registros de 225 animales Braford y 224 Hereford. Se analizó la distribución normal de los datos y la comparación de las medias mediante el test de Dunnett al 5 % de probabilidad, seguida de un análisis de varianza utilizando los efectos de la raza, la propiedad dentro de las provincias y año. Se calcularon las correlaciones entre las caracteristicas. La circunferencia escrotal al año de edad fue mayor para los animales Hereford (27.86 ± 2.91 cm) que para los Braford. La circunferencia torácica (156.62 ± 17.15 cm) y la altura a la grupa (120.51 ± 11.00 cm) fueron mayores entre los animales Braford. Con respecto al efecto de la propiedad, no hubo diferencias entre las provincias, pero sí se observaron diferencias significativas entre las propiedades. La Propiedad 2 tuvo animales con mayor peso al año (PA) y CT, mientras que los animales de la Propiedad 1 tuvieron mayor CE. En la Propiedad 2 presentaron diferencias significativas en PA (P < 0.05) que los animales de las demas Propiedades. Se observó fluctuación de los resultados de las características evaluadas, a lo largo de los años. La correlación fue alta entre PA y el peso al destete (PD); CE, PA y CT presentaron altas correlaciones entre si (r = 0.55 a 0.80). En conjunto, observamos un desarrollo similar de los animales de las dos razas en el nordeste argentino. Palabras clave: biometría testicular, pesos, morfometría, bovino ISSN­L 1022­1301. 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zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= Medidas corporais de touros Hereford e Braford da Argentina O estudo foi conduzido por um período de 5 anos (A1, A2, A3, A4 e A5) em 5 propriedades localizadas nas provincias de Corrientes e Chaco, na Argentina. Ambas provincias estão localizadas na região nordeste da Argentina (NEA), que inclui Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa, norte de Entre Ríos e norte de Santa Fé, ocupando uma área de 30 510 300 hectares. A provincia de Chaco tem como limite norte a provincia Formosa, limite leste com a provincia de Corrientes e República do Paraguai; no oeste faz limite com Salta e Santiago del Estero e no sul com Santa Fé. As propriedades 2 e 3 (Prop2 e Prop3) estavam localizadas no Municipio das Breñas, dentro da zona subtropical, com uma estação seca no inverno com poucas chuvas, e no verão o clima é quente e chuvoso com temperatura média de 25 °C e precipitação média anual de 800 mm. A temperatura média anual é de 21 º C em toda a provincia. Esta região está localizada entre os meridianos 27°04'23.5" latitude sul e 61°03'51.2" latitude oeste. O clima das Breñas também pode ser classificado como subtropical (Cfa), de acordo com a classificação do clima de Köppen. A provincia de Corrientes faz fronteira ao norte com o Paraguai, ao oeste com as provincias de Chaco e Santa Fé, ao Leste faz fronteira com a provincia de Misiones, República Oriental do Uruguai e Brasil e ao sul com a provincia de Entre Ríos. As propriedades 1, (Prop1), 4 (Prop4) e 5 (Prop5), estavam localizadas na microrregião sul central desta provincia, situada entre os meridianos 29°10'54.7" latitude sul e 58°4'44.22" latitude oeste, uma área predominantemente ocupada por zonas baixas. O clima da região é subtropical úmido, sem estação seca, no entanto, os verãos são temperados e quentes, o que gera situações de déficit hídrico. As precipitações aumentam do sul ao norte (1300­1500 mm) com uma média anual de 1243 mm e com temperatura média de 19 ºC, chuvas mais intensas são registradas no outono e no verão, no inverno ocorre uma menor precipitação mensal com índice hídrico úmido a sub­úmido. O Municipio de Mercedes também pode ser classificado como subtropical (Cfa), de acordo com a classificação do clima de Köppen. Nestas regiões, as propriedades estão dedicadas à produção de gado de corte de ciclo completo, que implica em propriedades que procedem as fases de cria, recria e terminação dos animais. Em geral a estação reprodutiva é de quatro meses (outubro a janeiro), com partos de julho a outubro e desmame nos meses de fevereiro a abril. Os animais machos destinados à reprodução são obtidos para uso próprio do estabelecimento e também para a venda de reprodutores. Os bezerros machos e fêmeas são desmamados com idade entre 6 e 8 meses, época em que as operações de controle de identificação dos animais, pesagem e classificação segundo o padrão racial são conduzidas. Os animais dessa categoria, após a separação por sexo, durante a fase de cria são mantidos em pastoreio e recebem uma suplementação de concentrado fornecida na proporção de 1 % de seu peso corporal (PC). O alimento é formulado para ter uma composição nutricional de 15 % de proteina bruta, 3.02 % de fibra, 72.8 % total de nutrientes digestível, e atingir taxas de 2.939 kcal/kg com 0.83 % de cálcio e 0.64 % de fósforo. Os bezerros ao atingir a idade de 12 meses de idade são submetidos a primeira seleção dos machos. Os quais são colocados durante o inverno em piquetes de trevo branco (Trifolium repens) e aveia (Avena sativa) e recebem alimento concentrado na proporção de 2 % do peso vivo, que em geral determina ganhos de peso médio diário entre 750 a 800 g. Dados de 225 machos da raça Braford e 224 machos da raça Hereford foram obtidos de um banco de registros com informações de peso corporal, circunferência escrotal, altura da garupa e circunferência torácica coletados nas fases de nascimento, desmame e sobreano (12 meses de idade). O peso vivo ao nascer foi tomado com balança manual a campo. Os pesos ao desmame (PD) e ao sobreano (PA) foram medidos com uma balança eletrônica localizada no final dos currais. Para a realização das medições corporais, os touros foram encaminhados para o tronco de contenção e um mesmo técnico procedeu as medidas morfométricas. As medidas de altura de garupa (AG), que corresponde a medida entre o solo e a tuberosidade sacral do íleo; e perimetro torácico (PT), que corresponde a medida junto ás axilas, contornando a circunferência da cavidade torácica, foram realizadas com auxílio de hipômetro zoométrico e fita milimétrica. Para medir a circunferência escrotal (CE), os testículos foram tracionados com uma mão para o fundo das bolsas escrotais, sem pressioná­los ou separar seus pólos dorsais. As medições com fita métrica foram realizadas na região de maior diâmetro dos testiculos. Os dados foram registrados em centímetros. Para a análise estatística, as informações foram transferidas para um arquivo de dados. Posteriormente essas informações foram analisadas quanto a consistência dos dados, distribuição normal e Material e Métodos ISSN­L 1022­1301. 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Para o PN, PD, e PA não houve diferenças significativas (P > 0.05) entre as raças. Acuña et al. (2012) encontrou resultados semelhantes de PN e PD em animais machos Braford da provincia de Chaco na Argentina, em que a média do PN foi menor (34.4 kg) e a média do PD foi maior (204.9 kg). Tanto os animais da raça Braford e Hereford mostraram o mesmo desenvolvimento, isso pode ser devido a boa adaptacão dos animais e seleção adequada das raças para essa região. No caso da CE aos 12 meses de idade, a média geral para cada raça foi 24.71 ± 5.33 cm e 27.86 ± 2.91 cm para animais Braford e Hereford, respectivamente. A raça Hereford apresentou uma média significativamente (P > 0.05) superior, compara­ tivamente a raça Braford, em cerca de 3 centimetros. Geralmente as raças europeias apresentam maior CE e essa característica está associada com animais que podem alcançar a puberdade mais cedo (Morillo; Salazar; Castillo, 2010). Esses animais geralmente são de descendência de touros com alta CE. Assim, a CE em raças europeias pode predizer mais precisamente o começo da puberdade independentemente da idade, raça ou peso (Lunstra et al. 1978; Silva et al., 2013). Uma maior circunferencia em animais de raças europeias tambem foi reportada por outros autores. Menegassi et al. (2011) compararam a CE de touros no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre raças europeias, cruzamentos e raças zebuínas. Estes autores observaram para touros de dois anos, médias de CE de 36.43 ± 3.19 cm para a raça Hereford e de 34.93 ± 2.91 cm para a raça Braford. Já Crudeli et al., (2005) trabalhando com animais Braford da provincia de Corrientes na Argentina, relataram uma média para CE de 27.2 cm aos 14­21 meses de idade, que foi maior do que o valor encontrado em nosso trabalho para os animais Braford. O tamanho corporal ideal para bovinos é uma questão em discussão e debate, que enfrenta constantes mudanças associadas ao conceito de animal ideal, passando de bovinos com estruturas maiores e terminação tardia, para animais mais compactos e leves, cuja terminação rápida ocorre em idades precoces (Flávio et al., 2014). As médias para as medidas corporais AG e PT foram maiores na raça Braforddo que na raça Hereford (Tabela 1). Em geral, animais Bos indicus (Brahman, Nelore) tendem a apresentar maiores frame size, AG e PT, e animais Bos taurus (Hereford) tendem a mostrar animais de menor tamanho e mais compactos. Em animais puros e mestiços, estudos mostraram desempenho semelhante nos dois grupos genéticos (Peixoto, 1989; Castro Mourão et al., 2010). Crudeli et al., (2005), avaliando touros Braford no nordeste da Argentina, com 14 e 21 meses de idade encontraram PT de 154 cm, semelhante aos valores encontrados no presente trabalho. Essas diferencas nas medidas corporais podem ser atribuidas a origem genética da raça Braford que é um produto de um cruzamento (Bos taurus x Bos indicus).Geralmente os animais zebuinos mostram maior tamanho corporal, comparativamente aos taurus. estatística descritiva. (PROC MEANS e PROC UNIVARIATE, SAS 2019). Em seguida, os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância dos pesos e da circunferência escrotal usando um modelo que incluiu efeitos fixos (raça, ano de nascimento), efeito aninhado (propiedade dentro de estado) e a interação simple entre efeitos fixos e covariável (idade) usando o PROC MIXED (SAS, 2019). As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de “Dunnet” a um 5 % de probabilidade. As correlações entre as características foram calculadas usando o PROC CORR (SAS, 2019). Resultados e Discussão Tabela 1. Médias e respectivos desvios padrão dos pesos, circunferência testicular, e medidas morfometricas dos machos de acordo com a raça. Variável Raça Braford Hereford PN (kg) 37.15 ± 4.87 a 37.32 ± 4.98 a PD (kg) 199.29 ± 30.98 a 201.56 ± 28.72 a PA (kg) 280.46 ± 81.22 a 277.04 ± 63.50 a CE (cm) 24.71 ± 5.33 b 27.86 ± 2.91 a AG (cm) 120.51 ± 11.00 a 114.73 ± 7.91 b PT (cm) 156.62 ± 17.15 a 152.37 ± 13.57 b a,b Letras diferentes na mesma linha diferem entre si pelo teste “SNK” a 5 % de probabilidade. PN= peso ao nascimento, PD= peso ao desmame, PA= peso ao ano, CE= circunferência escrotal, AG= altura da garupa, PT= perímetro torácico. A Tabela 2 apresenta as médias e desvios padrão das características avaliadas em relação as propriedades dentro das provincias. Não houve diferença dentro das provinciass, mas as médias foram diferentes entre as propriedades (P < 0.05). As médias do PN da Prop1 e Prop2 não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P > 0.05) entre elas. Contudo, as médias de PN da Prop1 e Prop2 apresentaram diferenças significativas (P < 0.05), sendo a média encontrada na Prop5 a mais baixa. As Prop 1 e 2 são propriedades de unidade de pesquisa, ao contrário das demais que são propriedades privadas. Vallejos et al. ISSN­L 1022­1301. 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Os animais das propiedades com maiores médias para PN foram os que obtiveram maiores PA. Estas diferenças nos pesos podem ser atribuídas, principalmente, às diferenças de manejo, condições climáticas e solos das propriedades, mas podem ter também componente genético, que, além das diferenças normais na composição genética existentes entre rebanhos diferentes, poderia ser o resultado de um processo seletivo exercido pelos criadores. As médias de AG das Prop1 e Prop2 foram semelhantes entre elas (P > 0.05). Entretanto, a Prop1 e Prop2 apresentaram diferenças significativa com a Prop 3, Prop4 e Prop5 (P < 0.05). Os valores da média para PT da Prop2 apresentou diferença significativa (P < 0.05), com a Prop1, Prop4 e Prop5. As Prop1, Prop4 e Prop5 estão localizadas no Municipio de Mercedes, da provincia de Corrientes; entre elas, na Prop1 os animais apresentaram um melhor desenvolvimento, que as demais propriedades dentro da mesma provincia, maiores valores médios de PA , CE , AG e PT . Vale ressaltar que a Prop1 é uma unidade de pesquisa, que o tipo de manejo dos animais pode ter influenciado nos resultados. Nessa propriedade o objetivo na seleção é de machos com maior CE e maior tamanho corporal, diferente dos animais das Prop4 e Prop5 que são privadas e sua seleção de machos mostra que são de menor tamanho corporal, esta diferença também pode estar relacionada com o objetivo de cada sistema de criação. Em geral, na região centro­sul da provincia de Corrientes onde estão localizadas estas propriedades, coincidem com os campos do norte do pais, os quais apresentam maior potencial para a pecuária. A capacidade de produção de carne em sistema extensivo em pastoreio direto varia entre 120 e 160 kg/animal/ano (INTA, 2005). Nestes locais, as geadas são raras, com 320 a 360 dias sem geadas. As chuvas são abundantes, sendo a estação mais chuvosa o outono e a mais seca o inverno. Há um gradiente muito importante na qualidade das pastagens herbáceas no sul, que decrescem em direção ao norte (Chiossone, 2006). A vegetação da provincia de Corrientes é caraterizado por prados arborizados, os campos têm maior diversidade florística com espécies de melhor qualidade, incluindo gramíneas de inverno (Acosta et al., 2009). As pastagens da região do sul têm espécies de inverno, como Stypas, Piptochaetum e Bromus, que determinam que mesmo no inverno haja ganho de peso (Chiossone, 2006). Na regiao de Mercedes, provincia de Corrientes, predominam Sorgastrum setosum, Andropogon lateralis e as gramíneas dos gêneros Paspalum e Axonopus (Barbera et al., 2018). As Prop2 e Prop3 estão localizadas no Municipio das Breñas, na provincia do Chaco, dentre elas, a Prop2 foi a que apresentou animais com maior PA e maior, resultados semelhantes à Prop1, pelo manejo similar. A Prop3 foi a da qual se obteve menos informações, por ter poucos dados, em ela se apresentou a CE de menor média das cinco propriedades. Estas diferenças podem ser dadas pelos diferentes manejos, tipo de infraestrutura, pela quantidade e qualidade da pastagem natural de cada uma delas, todas essas são fatores que podem influenciar as diferenças entre as propriedades. As Breñas tem altas temperaturas e poucas chuvas, invernos secos e verão úmido, bem diferentes ao clima da provincia de Corrientes (Ledesma e Zurita, 2002). E uma zona alta, com solos pesados e rasos, com drenagem imperfeita um tanto alcalina e às vezes salina. A vegetação onde predominam as gramíneas dos géneros Stipa, Piptochaetium; e outras espécies como Pennisetum frutescens, Leptochloa chloridiformis, Elyonurus muticus, Paspalum simple, Sorghastrum setosum (Barbera et al., 2018). A pecuária desenvolve­se em uma boa cobertura natural de gramíneas baixas e médias, que são alternadas pela época de seca, é raro ocorrer períodos importantes de seca, geralmente acontece a cada quatro ou seis anos ou uma seca a cada dez anos, entanto que no Municipio de Mercedes na provincia de Corrientes no campo natural predominam os campos de Sorgastrum setosum, Andropogon lateralis e entre as gramíneas curtas os gêneros Paspalum e Axonopus (Barbera et al., 2018). A Tabela 3 mostra as médias das diferentes características nos diferentes anos de avaliação,(A1­ A2­A3­A4­A5). Não houve diferenças significativas para os PN entre anos (P > 0.05). O ano de nascimento influenciou significativamente o PD (P < 0.05), sendo que os animais mais pesados ao desmame nasceram no A3 e os mais leves no A1. Se pode observar que as médias para PA e CE do A2 foram as que apresentaram diferenças significativas (P < 0.05) para com as médias dos demais anos, em tanto que para PA do A1 e A3 não apresentaram diferenças entre eles o mesmo que o A4 e A5. A CE do A5 diferiu do A1, A3 e A4 em tanto que entre estas últimas, as médias não diferiram. Pode­se observar que o PN se manteve constante entre os anos, no caso do PD a média foi aumentando até A3 para logo descer no A5, e o PA teve um aumento significativo no A2 para logo descer no A3 e se manter ate A5. No caso da CE teve similar variação com PA, onde a media foi alta e significativa ISSN­L 1022­1301. 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As diferenças entre as médias entre os anos poderiam ser explicadas pelas diferentes condições climáticas próprias de cada ano, as quais se refletem em diferentes disponibilidade de alimento. Essa situação de disponibilidade de alimento é propia de ambientes como o Nordeste da Argentina, onde há ocorrências de periodos de secas e por tanto a produção de alimento não é constante, seja no que se refere à quantidade e qualidade. As médias para a AG dos A5, A2, A4e A3 diferiram umas com outras (P < 0.05). Para a média de PT foi possível observar diferenças significativas (P < 0.05) no A5, com respeito ao A2, A4, A3 e A1. Entretanto, entre A2 e A4 não houve diferença significativa (P > 0.05), assim como para a comparação entre A3 e A1. As variações das características entre os anos podem ter várias causas. Já é sabido que o efeito do clima (precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura) e variação estacional, representada pela disponibilidade e qualidade alimentar, podem influenciar diretamente o desenvolvimento testicular, principalmente a circunferência escrotal em bovinos (Kerst et al., 2017). As condições agroclimáticas e biológicas do NEA determinam uma predominância de raças Índicas e / ou suas cruzas mais ao norte da região e nas zonas sul são de origem britânica e seus cruzamentos, que são as quais estão melhor adaptadas para a região (Acosta et al., 2009). O que permite que as duas raças avaliadas no presente trabalho tiveram aportunidade de desenvolver­se adequademente. O sistema de manejo de criação que adotam as diferentes propiedades foi a criação a campo natural durante os meses onde a oferta forrajeira foi alta, e durante os meses de baixa produtividade, os animais receberam uma suplementação. O impacto mais importante do pastoreio nos campos naturais e, portanto, na produção física e econômica de uma empresa pecuária, número de animais por unidade de superfície (Carga Animal). É a principal variável de gestão. Pode ter efeitos significativos não apenas na quantidade de forragem, mas também na qualidade da dieta e, portanto, na produção de animais (Gándara, 2003). Tabela 2. Médias e respectivos desvios padrão dos pesos, circunferência testicular, e medidas morfométricas dos machos de acordo com as diferentes propriedades Variável Propriedades 1 2 3 4 5 PN (kg) 38.24 ± 4.82 a 37.70 ± 6.78 a ­ 36.90 ± 4.69 ba 35.36 ± 5.69 b PD (kg) 184.96 ± 30.77 b 200.26 ± 37.86 a 199.86 ± 31.11 a 207.87 ± 24.35 a 203.18 ± 14.16 a PA (kg) 291.75 ± 58.71 b 349.45 ± 119.35 a 246.87 ± 56.96 c 279.16 ± 66.05 b 244.45 ± 14.01 c CE (cm) 27.85 ± 3.60 a 26.26 ± 7.00 b 21.98 ± 4.61 c 27.70 ± 2.95 a 26.77 ± 2.75 ba AG (cm) 126.77 ± 13.81 a 124.02 ± 11.00 a 116.68 ± 6.32 b 114.28 ± 7.51 b 116.59 ± 5.33 b PT (cm) 153.77 ± 11.95 b 162.18 ± 25.10 a 0.00 ± 0.00 152.87 ± 14.10 b 142.31 ± 6.56 c a, b, c, d Letras diferentes na mesma linha e dentro de cada variável diferem entre si pelo teste “SNK” ao 5 % de probabilidade. PN = peso Nascimento, PD = peso Desmama, PA = peso ao Ano, CE = circunferência escrotal, CT = consistência testicular, AG = altura da garupa, PT = perímetro torácico. Tabela 3. Médias e desvios padrão dos pesos, circunferência escrotal, e medidas morfometricas dos machos de acordo com os anos de avaliação. a, b, c, d Letras diferentes na mesma linha e dentro de cada variável diferem entre si pelo teste SNK a 5 % de probabilidade. PN = peso nascimento, PD = peso ao desmama, PA = peso ao ano, CE = circunferência escrotal, AG = altura da garupa, PT = perímetro torácico. Vallejos et al. ISSN­L 1022­1301. 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A variável PA apresentou alta correlação e significativa (0.80) com o PD, possivelmente os animais que apresentaram maiores peso ao desmame também irão apresentar maiores pesos ao ano. A CE apresentou uma moderada correlação e significativa com PD (0.23) e alta correlação com PA (0.55) podendo ser explicado pelo crescimento sigmoide que tem os testículos, pois ainda no desmame o crescimento é pequeno e aumenta progressivamente com a idade (Forni e Albuquerque, 2004). Quanto as características de morfometria corporal foram encontradas correlação alta e significativa entre PT e PA (0.78), e CE (0.75), estas correlações são importantes no ponto de vista da seleção. Na realidade da produção extensiva na Argentina, a grande maioria das propriedades não possui infraestrutura e não há aplicação de novas tecnologias, nem contam com infraestrutura para avaliações como o peso, e no caso de medir PT e CE, os animais com maior PT apresentarão maior peso e maior CE. Como foi visto no trabalho de Acuña et al., (2012) que avaliaram animais desde o desmame até a pubertade, a relação da CE e peso corporal na puberdade foi positiva e significativa na puberdade (r: 0.40), indicando que os animais mais pesados apresentaram maior CE. Agradecimentos Tabela 4. Correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis de peso ao desmame, peso ao ano, circunferência escrotal, e medidas morfometricas, perímetro torácico e altura da garupa. PD PA CE PT PA 0.80** CE 0.23** 0.55** PT 0.28** 0.78** 0.75 ** AG 0.22* 0.52** 0.13* 0.42 PA: peso ao ano; PD: peso a desmama; CE: circunferência escrotal; PT: perímetro torácico; AG: altura de garupa; * = significativo (p < 0.05); ** = significativo (p < 0.01). Conclusão Para a região Nordeste do país, os animais das raças avaliadas desenvolveram­se de forma similar. Os animais machos Hereford apresentaram maior circunferência escrotal e os animais Braford mostraram maiores medidas morfométricas. As medidas mostram que existe diferenças entre raças para as características de CE, CT, o mesmo ocorre com as medidas morfometricas. Existem diferenças entre as medidas analisadas de acordo com as propriedades e estados em que os animais estão inseridos. A correlação positiva existente entre a CE e o PA indica que a seleção com o objetivo de se aumentar a CE, promoverá aumento quase equivalente no peso corporal. As correlações positivas entre PA, CE e idade permitem que a seleção de melhores reprodutores das raças Hereford e Braford. Mais informações são necessárias sobre as diferentes características reprodutivas e zootécnicas da raça Braford e Hereford no Nordeste da Argentina, com o objetivo de formar um banco de dados, conhecer seu progresso genético e ter parâmetros para selecionar os touros que melhor se adaptam e produzem na região. Agradecemos aos Órgãos Federais Brasileiros: “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (CAPES), Brasil. Agradecemos também as propriedades de Pesquisa (INTA Corrientes e as Breñas) e propriedades privadas da Argentina pelos registros dos animales que foram avaliados. Declaração de Conflito de Interesses: Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses. Contribuições dos Autores Aprovação do Comitê de Bioética e Biossegurança O trabalho foi conduzido de acordo com as normas da Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência em Animais de Laboratório e Colégio Brasileiro de Experimentação Animal (SBCAL/COBEA), e aprovado pelo comitê de ética do uso de animais em experimentos CEUA­ UENF (Protocolo no. 484. /2021). Todos os autores contribuíram igualmente para a concepção e redação do manuscrito. Todos os autores revisaram criticamente o manuscrito e aprovaram a versão final. ISSN­L 1022­1301. 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M. Conceitos fundamentais e terminologia usual nos julgamentos. In: Peixoto, A. M., F. P. Lima, H. Tosi, N. de S.Sampaio. In: Exterior e julgamento de bovinos. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 1989. p.01­13. https://repositorio.usp.br/item/000804166 Sarreiro, L. C., J. A. G. Bergmann, C. R. Quirino, N. R. Pineda, V. C. P. Ferreira, e M. A. Silva. 2002. Herdabilidade e correlação genética entre perímetro escrotal, libido e características seminais Silva, M. R., V. B. Pedrosa, J. C. Borges­Silva, J. P. Eler, J. D. Guimãraes, and L. G. Albuquerque. 2013. Genetic parameters for scrotal circumference, breeding soundness examination and sperm defects in young Nellore bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 91, 4611­4616 https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012­6067. Siqueira, J. B., e R. O. Pinho. 2013. Relação entre perímetro escrotal e características produtivas e reprodutivas em bovinos de corte. Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim. 37, 3­13. https://www.cbra.org.br. de touros Nelore. Arq. Bras. Med. 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