LibreOffice/6.4.3.2$Linux_X86_64 LibreOffice_project/747b5d0ebf89f41c860ec2a39efd7cb15b54f2d8 0 0 14099 9999 true $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(userpath)/config/standard.sob 0 $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(userpath)/config/standard.soc $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(userpath)/config/standard.sod 1270 true true false true false $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(userpath)/config/standard.sog $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(userpath)/config/standard.soh false false true true false false true false false false $(brandbaseurl)/share/palette%3B$(userpath)/config/standard.soe false 7 4 false 0 low-resolution false true false 1 1 true Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3) Assessing the impact of Bos taurus x Bos indicus crossbreeding and postmortem technologies on the eating quality of loins from pasture­finished young bulls Received: 2022­02­07. Accepted: 2022­04­02 1 In Memoriam. 2 Escuela de Ingeniería de Producción Animal, Universidad Rafael Urdaneta, Maracaibo, Venezuela. 3 Present address: Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 42141. Lubbock, Texas 79409­2141. 4 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural & Food Sciences, University of Manitoba. Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canadá. 5 Matadero Industrial Centro Occidental C.A, Km 6, Barquisimeto­Yaritagua, Barquisimeto, Venezuela. 6 Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile. 263 Nelson Huerta­Leidenz 3 Tomas Riera­Sigala 1,2 Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Brahman crossbreeding and postmortem technologies (electrical stimulation and vacuum aging) on the eating quality of loins from pasture­finished bulls. Fifty yearling bulls representing five Brahman­influenced types (n = 10 each): Brahman (BRAH), F1­Angus (F1ANG), F1­ Chianina (F1CHI), F1­Romosinuano (F1ROM), and F1­Simmental (F1SIM) were supplemented on pasture until reaching a desirable conformation at a suitable live weight of ca. 480 kg. All carcasses were classified as “Bullocks” according to U.S. standards. Carcass’s right sides were subjected to high­voltage electrical stimulation (ES), while the left sides were not stimulated (NOES). Longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks from ES and NOES carcasses were allotted either to the vacuum aging control treatment for 2 d (NOAGING) or 10 d (AGING). The LL steaks were evaluated for Warner­Bratzler shear force (FCWB) and sensory traits rated by trained panelists. No differences in WBSF, juiciness, or flavor ratings were detected among breed types (P > 0.05). Sensory ratings for tenderness­ related traits varied with breed type (P < 0.05). Steaks from F1ANG received higher ratings for muscle fiber tenderness, overall tenderness, and amount of connective tissue than those from F1ROM and F1SIM (P < 0.05), which received the lowest ratings. Bullock loins were more responsive to ES+AGING in WBSF reduction and desirable tenderness ratings than other postmortem treatments (P < 0.05) by reaching a greater proportion (72 %) of “tender” (WBSF < 40.1 N) steaks than AGING (48 %), ES (36 %), and NOES­NOAGING (24 %) samples (P < 0.01). Tenderness of bullock loin steaks was marginally improved by crossbreeding. Therefore, the application of ES+AGING is necessary to ensure a higher proportion of tenderloin steaks. iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAOcAAAC4CAYAAAAYLPsCAABcxElEQVR42uxdB7yN9f+/ey8u 196uvcme2SIRibKLIg27IaRSktJAKi0zRFJktElIZvbMvu4885nv/3c8z3OeM+7QP+rH8/X6 Ovfec84zzvm+v5/9/gTBGtawxn9yBFkfgTWsYYHTGtawhgVOa1jDAqc1rGENC5zWsIYFTmtY wxoWOK1hDWtY4LSGNSxwWsMa1rDAaQ1rWOC0hjWsYYHTGtawhgVOa1jDAqc1rGENC5zWsIYF TmtYwxoWOK1hDQuc1rCGNSxwWsMa1rDAaQ1rWOC0hjWsYYHTGtawwGkNa1jDAqc1rGENC5zW sIYFTmtYwxoWOK1hDQuc1rCGNSxwWsMaFjitYQ1rWOC0hjWsYYHTGrfvUH2mBU5rWMMCpwVO a1jDUmutYQ1rWOC0hjX+I9qumsu0wGkNa1jgtMBpjVsEbf8QKC1wWsMaFjgtcFrDAmfAt6kq m3m9n73GAqc1rHFjwGmAMD/x+A9JXAuc1rDG38WsQsAqK+yRzQDoyxXMFjitYY0bCE5fMPoC tCAS1wKnNazxDw5dUupgVHwAmgtILXBawxo3S5QagCRTVv8bblkLnNa4HdVZQzU1g1Ii/wky IJIpkUlt0P8gSC1wWqNAC77gL1SMqd7MawsIJur40cAnSoDDBVzLAM5fAE6fBU6dAS5cJH9L A5xOAlTyGvW/A1QLnBbyAjtETFNG7uvVeBv7gS5siYom8qtE3qf4PO85h9/flcAAyO+89Cwq FNMxyFkVif9Cr8VFAJmRTQBJQLj/ELB5K5RVK6F+9imweDHw+TJg43rg0D4g/QqRqG5/Sato ICe/KNr59GmB0xr/WXDKZpApGiAMgCpsCQcSOvryDiT1zJ7SvIQYfRTJedhxNDx6JKYIZBMp eeI48Mt2YOVqyHPmwvbUOGQOHoTMvvcio+89SO/fD1mPPwbpvXnAzz8AF4lUFUUubRUTOFX+ i6xNfrsWOK3xH1ZrA0pG1azielRd89L2CCZvSeQvmXyn58Q8g0cxn4JhlB04jUjBXb8SCfkx MGM68PDDEDp2Qk6VqsguloKM5HikJcUgo0gysqtUh9CzJzBtKvDlF8Dhg1zVdTm5XapdLJfU 2jngfTkWOK3x7yM0N/XUF62KL0j9QaZ6wdUDXg8EdPXUNBV96uqmyG1F81uoGrvzN6gL3oFr xHAIne6EULsWnCkpcIWGQgkKghocBCUkCAL52RERDVeZ0hBbt4L08EOQ35wDcdMmyCeJ1LXZ eJhFu0Z6hRLUPFVxC5zW+Ee12us29kyg0+1LOT8HjTmEIRN1VBYhEsCJ5Amv9+qApKCTKfBE rmoKgmnK/FEiNqLk5M/biX3513lg+zbgjTch9ukDW2oqHIWSYIuOgi00BC4GzFAgOBgKAagY HgZHaDBcUeFwFSoEV8XKcHTsAuH5GcCGzfx4LgdToI1JNwTFAqc1/gfACQOcih84VV/AKpp0 ozadrElB/WcKRgo4Ww5wJY0D48xZYjeeJKrmYWD/AWDP78Du3UQy7mLSETt/JZOAcccvwA8E TMuWEjV2BtRe98JekQAzMhJiUDAkIjHdYaFwhUXAGRUFO5mO+FjYkwshKzEWObHhyIgIQVpk FC6XS0X6g0MhfPgx1IOHIGdnkut0m8CpSW7ZAqc1biY4CwTKQMdQTHqlaKikkiYVvRxHLLRB XuMiC95Jvalk8V+6ysF47ASxFQn4Nm8B1n0JLF8BfPop8N584M3ZwCsvchty2hQ+X5xG5vPA 1GeAcY8DA/pDbtESrnIVibSMY2qsQKSkm0hNCkpHclE4ypVDdo2qcDZuyFRZV4tmcDSuhYxa lZBetTKuNm2K9BGj4Fr0KWQKzqwsJr29qljUGx9dscBpgbPg4MzT/FRMwBQNoHo5dah6mkWA eOYMsPcgsI1IvY1E2q36AvhsMbDoY2DePCgzZ8I1aTLcjz8O5dFHgaFDIN93H4Qed8HRqT0c d7aGq00rPtu1hdCuDYSWTSE2rAOxfDnY4hOJhIyCOyQUYghRZanqmpgIsVp14O6ewCPkmE89 CfWZyQTgBNzTCLinTIQy/jEoT4yGMGkChHfJZrD1B3Ktf5FNRPBTY29G6NMCpzXyRq1pBepe VjnQ08ai1Z0mevyRqqzUZiR24bXLRC3dCSxZArzwCjBmPDBoCNS774b9zjthJ1LM2bwFHI3u gK12HdgJmFyp1eAmdqC7bDk4S5aEI6UY7EVTYC9CJGByMTiTS8KdXBxioSIQ4uPhjopkYKSS kgJTCQ1DTkQUsipXhfzgIOCDRcCPRAXeuQf4najJf9D5B/mZSOvd5Np2kA1jF1GXjx4j0vwK UbEdWiYRvXHZS5U3+W0tcFrjX8CoT7xRV1ElPX6pq3g04qD6SFKRqK0Z6cDZ09xWXL8W6muv wD5kCByt28NVoy4cJUohJ6kQ0qOjkEHUzpyoaAYmGwGVPZjaiREQQiOYFHQFh5hmGJticCTk 4AjDySMHBZG/BRFVljyGBHF1tlhxCHd1Z04i7N/Ps4GYQ0kX9AqfzObVnE9uom7nENv3MlG3 L10jGwuR+HY7dwaxuydvVkXcyHiKBU5LQubOBABzZEQ1bEsqG2VVC/4bHljTi2m+qoMA4NxZ Iol2AJ9/Drz0MlFPh0Fo0xaO1FTYihaBPS4GzohwOAiA7CHBcBJJp0s8mYCRTokAjHpV6VTJ a+RQ0wzh9qSgeV7VID711wphoXDERcFVryZUoq5i7Wrg4nnu4aXSXDaFYGTTo0B+SCebyp+H gC3fE/v3Oyi/7SKbDFHHHTZw/7KVIWSNfwmcgYDJJalZteOOS6+E8kwibU4SSbmDqIYrlkMi 9qP7oWHIatkKGWXLIicuQVM7iVQjIKLgo0Cjko+BMMgDMgY039/Ja6h0pFMKCjKASmOWarD3 +1zkb46kWEgtGnOH0eaNRBJeItdJbUhNbLLcW5Ommm0jIDxHQLkVznnzkfPiTDjmzIVj9RdQ 9++DmnkNiiqY85sscFrj5oDT3w+kaBFMDZBMf5WZLakqkkeFpZLoGrHRft0GLPoQmPwMpH73 M2eNs2YqcooUgi0qnEhHj+TTgaZLPcUHjL7ApBPB+gzWXhPiAXWwaQYFsQ3AERcJsVF9YOIE 4KuvieS8zHYUKvfd5H9Jvyd6/VepTUxsz+VLoUyYgKxefZHRuy8c48ZBXPYZUYmJap6ZZqi2 7H0WOK3xb4LTkJZ6YoAem6RJ4gJRXzOIXXbqGJE2G6HMmomc++9HZv2GyC5F7MmEWDgiuaRk UlIHWohHFaVA08FmBqAaVJAZwh81UMI0JS25wFG5PNso8O57wD6iqtqdTLVVZJcnB/fUcS5Z 35wN57BByGzSBFeqVUda67Zwj30KyjqiEh8/wu1QPdfWAqc1/h1wenJbVU1SskWp1z9Sp0ka AeUfO4E1K4G33gQeGwO5Y2fYUqviWkwsbOGhcBEbUjDbjEEmgBrgItIvKFiTlCHs0XidBmLD 7vSRrMZzIdrUpKlMpkgfw4gdmxQHoWEjYNRjwDJyrQf+JPbwX1xS0iSHndSDvBSYMAlS187I rlIRVwon4nLZksjq3ZOl87HEhzRih7pVTYm48TVkFjh91ul1L+q/FfBSvM6n/sPXr/5jeNWq TFgoxM0TwTMzgSsElEePAls3E1DOgfDIcNg7dEBWtRpwFS8FKS4RdioBw0I5uEz2IlNDyfRI Sg5Mlf0tlE1VU1V1MOcGTtX0nBrKJz9HKJtqcBhXb8l1uIsXB9q1IwAk6u0HRO1eRSThhg3A F18QaUk2lqEPw1a/AbKKFEFWXDRsJYrB3a4VpKcnAV+v5+qwSzKcRnp9tgXOfBe6kotKZn5e ydPt7Ynf+VRDqAF2SaN2ET51U/C2zwJMhdlpohEPVEx5pQGxXoCEAN/LkAMdR8ktpcVUHK2S a5FlE3uAZktStZWqdNt/AdauAT75GHhtNtTHxwDdu8BVqxrSCiUhPTISjvAIIilDmLPGV+rl BbK/Pz1qrSE9fc5BvbmO6GgI5cpCbtMK6NcHyiMPQR0zCvJDQyH17AF7lSrIjI1BTlgYsgsV grMled24Cfx+jx3jhdpUa9AcYDJuePbeLQDOABUSagGEXe7rPwA4TUNWTG8yyKICkxPrdYmy qugVgFwSUTtH1hK5qXpIq/QlyZPorWjSShFNVRg6QZVvPDFwjSV/qZq7+upDmGwA1Zxel5PN s3loIvmSJRCmT0PWoEHI6NIFGc2bIbN6NTiKFYEjJpKFQmj8kYY3FE0aQvfAal5ZKeRGgdMf oIb9GsIltYtcnz06ArYiicgqVwppqRVxtWoqMqpWRnaZErDFRiOLhnVSikFo2gzKU2OJCryM h1NY+p7kVdep+CXrW+AsAOJMoPIBrgzzjqfkAtjc6wfpghdNu6YBOEVzyfuUSun1f4I22ZM0 kE0D28dPAfuI7bN3Hw+MHyE/nyF/u0xsobRLRFpdIYviGgEIUSOddu58URTjuPT8opp7KZZ+ L1wKer9GNcqftAxYA+UKZw6gtuQBck2bNwEffwJMfwF4cAjczVojq1Q5pMXGIT0qHJkRIUTS hMBJ1EYaU9SBqYPFbBPeFHAGUHdl03WIRO11hQUR6a5lDUVEIis8hMxg2CKjYS9djlWkKJOf Br6kDiACTEc2TzZgReSil5Zh2ZzXa/sZtX/eIPEHZiA11ywxPSA3Z8mYj8OzZLQAme7BpOg1 qou0zBM3+cXhILbaJb7oaT7px0shz50Pac5cSG+/xcMPq1dwyozvvwV++o5IrJ+A334lAN7D KzOuEsA67Nz+k0WPLUiBK2qZLZLoec530vie1+8Sv06BglLLez15gpx/K8R33oLt8SeQ1eMe OJo0g7NCKsRCRSGSRc0ASFVWAkwKSiE0DBKVmsypo9uPwV4guVHg1G3Y3P7OnUpkmYdSKerx 6PLneHzUFRXK0gPRpQcwdQaw/mvgNPkcnDkGq4MX/QlwU5Jrg24FbHrUTHgCyqpHSnjbBybw +ZE5KR4eHK8pw/s0nuJbN6tmBAcnlYpX04Dzf3F6jH17ea7m999xp8KST4HXZwNjn4LcfxDc d/WEvXNXOHp0h3j/fcCIh4AnnwAmEVvn6aehPj8FePkV4I25BLxEgn21DthG7L6D5LhHD/J5 mNiCR8lCOnGaeyApeRWl2qCZMBfI75cu8HmB/H6e/u0Cfw197SnyniNHCfj38vjkN+QaP1jA zu/u3p2orTWQnlwEOTExsIWHMwnJvK/kUSKApLYlK8fSEgI4MIO8wiI3EpzsuNS+DQ7xOSYH JtswWEzV7MnlPzMpSoutaaJC0Xg42rUFnp9ONsetPNndKZjMFcXLQ6vi5pBOB90qgtObkAle Kpyfg8SXvzRgjaK3o8STJaN4bEd9Ui/mZSLVDhHV9PsfgJUrIMx/B86XpsM5fiyrxrf37wvn 3XfB1a41nA0asoRuJ1ERbaVKw1amFOwVK8BdsxqEBnXhbnQHXI2bwN68FbJbtUV2hy5w9O4L 8eGRBLSTWdmUMOcVOF6fBdectyDT+B0F74pVwNovOYjXrYX85RdQ162D+tVaoqaRv31JHteQ xy/W8JDCR59AfvtNSOQ6hQlPQRg+DOLd3SE0bgR36dJwRMfy5HENUDRn1aXlq4q04oNKyJAw w8sKvYjZlEBwU8AZYj5miCY1Q9lzogZEI4NIuxYnkfrZUWHIjCN2aJ1qEB8bRT4XosqePsO9 sqppOajX59uwwOnlZfWmu8jN5jQzWfgC1ZccQzKpr3oBlAiTbUbVx+wsIonOAr/vIiopWfBz 3wGovTKE2Gd3dYa9SUNkVCiL9JRkXEuIRXpcFDKiI5jjgSZ224L5IrGH82kjMzsilD2fGR6B jPAopEfGICMuCfbkEhAqVIFStyGUZi0gtGoJR+u2sLfrCGfXnlD69AcGE8k7kiyyR0dDHTUK 0qOPQnzkUfZI/4aR5HEEeX74SKgDh0Ptez/bLGwNaiO7UiVklyiJnKTCsMfEwhlKJCWRhCzP labXBfC8ItQTBjFn+ChBnuSCG+el9QmlBPmDk167EEZzbHmYBZr0pAnz9oRCyC5JbMyGjSAO Gkw0hoVE0/mDJxkEqMbR14K/f8MCZx7g5ICUtGkA1KzmmqMbetU99ZDSBGc3nZptKCveVe7m 97JdQNboMmi1RQZw/BiRUkQ6zSES7OFHmJoqNWsOuVpVuEqkwBkfDTE8xHBKIMTjpGBZMSEh poXsm6LGFzaVTHrcjlZfSJHRkGITICYkwVUomYC2GBzFy8BdvhLkqjUh1qoDoW5dOOvUgb1O XTaddepBqFMfQu165Pl6kGrUhVClFnuPUJxcZ2wUK0pm6qFui5kSzZnUM7yfus1mTrEL8Uq3 09Va3xjljQBnbk4iXXJSKe/SpDZVyXOiYpFFPi9X4xaQevcDxpHN9IOPgd27ODWmInqBUNUc b/oGbYHzb0hPc8W9V7UE/URd5AebkxMKX7rME5sPHSY75X5gzz5Of3HkMPeWUlvt0iX+ukvE frxC3nMtnVcpXLsKpJG//0Vstd92AEuXABPHwdWlIzIqpiK7cFHYYmOZN9AVHswWhaKpUn7q XT5eRvNrzZOpaSG8coMuPEa9ER4Kd0QYq/BwRkWwkAGbUVGwRUYa0+EznRGRhh3Jj2lSPUN8 QhPB+Ums3O/jZoAyNwnKNhqipbhDiLZCNrPM2nWQ2bMnHBMmclNg6498LaST71pyaEntuhNI NDwMMgLx71rgzBuYPp5Ur02N1ubRsMVBYgv+8CPkz1dBef8D4M03IL/4EpSp06A8+yzkqVMg znwR7jdehTBvLucwff9D/uV9upTYZyuYHYlVy4HlBJCLFkJ46SU4RzwMZ/NmsJcsAVtYJISg MEPqIDTIr4xJCdbBpT8XYvI2huQKTmoziaG522wGkIKvfzEH2gS80uFyCewH8pIaCezBNxec vjatd4glhDmvnDEJkOvVJ6r9w8CCd4GNGwkojwBX0zldiqpAJ8P2ZnNQcnHOKhY4rzdDyJCY 9AOnXsrftgGfvA9x4ljk3NsTmc0aI7NWDWSmpiKrYkVkV66A7Crlca1mZaTVq460O+ojvXlj Zs+5O3SG2K0H5J69IN7XF1K/vsC9vYBuXSE2bQZn5apwFkkhkjIKbi1dTF+0AcufAjhGDG+j D0gDOVO8F5/3Mc2P+rk99qD/NK4xl+krpfM6v/k9Nz4jKDA49Q3M/1xErSX2M2VPQO97yFp4 Dzi6l4elWAK82TkoE4wKMNNyqibW+sB8uhY48wGm4u31yXLwIP/mTZBfmwn7wPtwrVEtpBcv jPSoUCLlgmGn+ZYRvITJQb5UW0QQsiJDkBkZiozoMK6eJiZCIF+qs3gxOEuXIrMksyXdRZIh xcdDCA+HHBbOvJbUxqH2IfMQBvvv4Dr4fMFpLH4jHBAScPEHAkYgcJrVZm/Ah3ilu+ng9JPY pjCEfm3XA07f+/u3wGnepGgxt61EceDB/sBXy4h5co7Hh3W70lhGXr8ElJSqIV0tcOYPTpVn 6LDKCerMycwG/jzKSaOmTIXS8264aqTCUTiW2GM8Q4Tag8wrGhYGBwEUY2ijcTtqf1E3ezCf tMyJevvoe6hNJ0SGclsyzKNm6jE+gx5De1RMZU+6hPQCogaO3EIM+UugkIDqZCA7NW9whJNr CSf3QGZwqFfcMK+Zl3158xw/JnDq5oLPJkg9ynQDzilcGGr3LsRceZts3JSqxJZPEySeJukd Azf58s0xcguc+QBUpBSLxKjfvw/4fAWUCZPg6tAFtrLlYU9IgC2BqJ7FkyBWKgupZlXmwbTX rgd3rboQU6tDLFMRQhEiIePiYY/QiIZDeLW+O0j3sHpXQeheVep1VXX7UIsHmvM7zRJSl0K5 2WfXB86QPO0v3dOaG1g8FRw+4AxwfYGu6990ABUUnPR7oSVr9phouBs3hvj0eKJRfQ1cPq9t 7J7GuXo826gR8IqHK15S1coQKmiGEP3gKDD37gY+WwTxyTFwt26HnFLlkRlfCDkpxWGvV59R K1K6fVrlLk1+HvKz0yCNnwzx0cfguu8B5NzZEVl16uJa6dJIS0pg+aM0qZt5M408zWAtTU1P V/MsEtlHnTI7T3wl0j+XthZAXdWfCw71U2sLqoaa1Vtd0gc6xt/1qv5zIPa9Tk/JmR62YtoN TTEsXxnCvf2Adxfw7C2XXZOGHsApHl+th1svjzxtK/E9P3BS7pqzxMZc/wWkZ8Yjp31blnmT ER6N7MRkuGrVI/bGQGDmS8CKZawNHLb8DGz9BfiW/LxmLfDhJ8Crs6GOnQD3gAdga98RzkaN kF2hHOxFCsMdE8W+YL1OkJFPBYf4pashEDiDc88B9VVR/x44Q/xs21wdQYHAGeot6c3H16Wp vugLGkopKDj/vwD13kzoNeozxBOX1e7NnZCInNqNII9+kmdM/XWWqbeK7NYKF2QDeF7JKgHy tP2SWSxweodPDHRSprcD+6AsfBfCoP6MzTs9OgZZkTHIKV8J0l09gBdp74v1PB+VenHTsoAr GtM4jXvSHNWdv3O2tZUErO8sBJ6bCgwZBLlNC8gEpGJcDEtboxJJ1Ba3sVB0QIZwVjgpyF8S /ROL+0bEBvOMVwYFdlT90+cv6OcRyKvsiRuHa9METq0IW6TgjAhBVpEUuLt0g/u1V4DtZIO+ dJE7hwy1lUtPUQ2Qt21Jzr+RWJtJgPbrz5BemQGBGP3Z5coiKyEJOSXLQOzUGZg0EfhiJXDs TyAnw9OIRtaTmiWtPYDAkxUuU1rEE8DPvwKffgQ8PRbo3hVilVQ4KHFxWBizb/RYJs/kMVFk hISxhHCdxMqzuL2llxTy74LzvzD/WXCapSYHp75JUoBKEcHIDg9HTp16rOJGWbMGOH2KVwyx QmrZAGeuzX1VT1hFtry1+YCTWu80o2fD13BPHA9Hq1bIKlsB2ZWqwtW2A+Tx44FlS4CD+4hd ek1rLW5WT0xt51RT2h8to6I9PE4QQH9NvsSXpsHVqxdyqlSHLT6JFe8yW0YLnTCajOAgjQsn VAOnObvGAmfBMnv+ruTPxUGmlbfR74d+Hw6i9ThTa8A5cgzwOflej5/kZXiyYoDTTAmaOzi1 XFsLnLk5amVeEUJpJJYuhvDoI7A3bwFbrbpwd+wKPP4UsIRSGu4B0on66nYbTALeSe56fq4K F3hhtOEMoIXOlFnu22+B2a/D3X8gbA3ugKNECThjYuCKjGJkyPSLV02Bf72O0EPV6O9QscD5 /1fv/Rxjwb78tZ6EEFYeFhENsWFT5hDEt98B5y7wNWRSa73AGUCtzSP6YoHTGDQRPZ1Iw1+3 A2/MhvDA/XC2bg1Xx46QnniSV/Hv26OpsoqXJ9xfPdboJ8xudN2woJkk9Evc/ivURR9DHDcJ Uo+ecNeuh5ziJVjvR0rDaA5xGHysXovFAuc/D9qQXKWmF99tCI9V02QEd8/ecL/3IU/fo3Fx UTKFSQKAMwAaLXDm5Qiig0rCc3+xmkVl4jg4u3WCnTKm0UyQuW8C27bz9uO64mqu99QTl/XM EFkxudVN4NRfT2v8aMdkyjr39Uai5s4C+j0IV/0GsKcUhRAepnlt8wfnf8UhdCtJVHPapO9z NDGEFgdkpxSBvWVL4JlnWa410rM4j5OsEWWbyuhzJVqzwBkYkH4/0/xZuvt99DHkQQOR3bwx sls3h/zIQ7xihKq7bpdXGwzPp2qKZDEgaqRaquCd8GyyT3n9kMD7SH6zCXhhJuS7e8JZuRLr bmUGp7G4gv0rOvKi17BAef1eXEXL5qJVOlJwqCnswz9jWn1jK10S9rZtoE6cCKz5krNASLKh zqqKdF3gvBnjfxuctFvUrj8gv/UOnL164lrdmkhv0QTuMY9ApVXtlDlOlgxwGjxWst4qXTKY 6rhDwNz4lVeHqlrsS69TYOelrHS0bdyHHwHDh8Fdvw5csbHeubTBvjanBc4bDU6WmhkaCmdo JLKIbXmNFqonJCKtXHnkdOnCKpCwdh1v75dj89DSmFjt86UotcBZQNBSprjf90KZ9x5c9/dF xh0NcK1NC2JvPs6DzJTNW5IYNaVRSaCoRgIzLat1aw4gPy5aX8oS3TNMd1pK/HT8T2DVMmDs E5BaNIWQmGAwlZtZA3IDZ0HsJAuk3uD09EfxLuyWtbI51rgoNgbusmVYamZ2q9bI7toVOSMf gmvuG8CWzXxNuLQ2DIoIX/rT/xdXuAVOH7X26HFgyXLgkZFwtG/HdkgWPvlyPeeDIeDku6Ip YdnwznpoK9Vcvxm9eY8GTmqXMnAeAr5YAXX8U3C3bA53UoKRLuYFzuukdLSmj82pf5a5NDpS TA4fRwSZ5UsD3bqRTXMsMGs2sPA9xqfEPPa0w5hLq0YxdCELnDcGnNSYP3sOypdfARMmszik o/e9kJ95Bvj6G94fUtLtR52QS/FiP/f9EgIxxiswB6cVlvKFo4eJ5Pwcyrin4CDgdCYlGSRY evJB3o4NC5wFc/T4g5VWmphBCy3OnJMYjaxWTYFpU8j3vwHYdwA4eYozWEhug0WPa7AmcOaR 3/JvgvR/G5wisQv/ugj3NxuhPDcNjvsGwHl/f25brCdG/7kz3IHj1brOpxQo3y9FMgpuDReS w8aZ9pYtZyq0vUUzA5yCDw1J3hLUAmdBwMkqf0K1Ejst60c0+nQGM0eQPTYSGVUrwv7wUGD1 KuDUOcDu4pJS9rAwepssUr7JZxY4/+6g3rZLVyF/9zPUGa/AMWAQXP36Q500nlOKHDvMkwg0 g19nURPh3UUhMFufAnNFvDmrCDkOYO+fjMJEHjUG9saN4UqM5+VJptIl1VS+FBikFjivJ21P r5nlyfrBZIayUjdnXCJyqlUjG3M/qPMXAHv2Atkuj4te4cE0ySenpyCg+zdB+r+fhEBjj7/t Bt58B86hw+G8tw+nglxIvqSdvxGVJk1rv+ypJhB1V7kvi5ofs5rmvWV0/KbnaOD6972MtU18 aATslIc2Ps4PnLxW0ru42gLn9YPTy9EWFsL7bpLPOIf8nhUZy1IqnQ/0B+bPA3btAq5e8zgS tKmTp3IyaE8ZpwXOG6bbKjxp+cgh4LOP4HzsUcae7upL7M7npwJr13KbQ5C8EpZVLwcPvKVi AHCqMIGTbgg0sWHHNrIY3oE4aCicderDFRfNk6v1Qmctx1anaPRlJbeSEK4PnIpmywsasTWl HLUnxSOnVk04CDClhe/wztNZGbyIQf9qfXwLfix6uaExF3DeTJD+z4HTu1xM4ckD54lt+eVK 2Cc8DlvnjnC0bw95xCMEPAs59WW2zWP3M5oYya8dgwyf4lp42NiYtWJQbQq8iv6XLcDc16Hc /yBcNeuwek/Fj8Mn1K/Q+u+AsyAUlP+1nNf8StL8QyW5EI/5FFTTggN3fAyQWglo2wZ47DHg /ffI90y0pJxrWiIJ98jLquSJbWtd1WR4d96wwHnDkAqe/E7JgLeshzBtMpydOxA1swHEzt2A Sc8A69fzek2HwL8MPeHAZE9yW1QrAVIBTxsHxUiKN/L/ZALOi2Qz2LIBePEFoNe9cFdKhSs6 0tPVytwoJ59gumJO1g5AQ0KPodusslcRt+c5L1oRnxCDPzODd7NaxUQMrbdUMNN8yKbWenrl jccGDM4lx9VMEmamAs2txwkv9+JahocqRd/kwChHQyBQBvqICNZnU72nFzDjRe6V//MIb8JE nX8mZgOvXqn/hdjIbQVOHaB2YgP++gPEV6dD7NIJ9irVGDeQSoCjznkd+OlH4MJlqG7Zq5cK JxA20x1KhldXNeSm6p2PQLmKTh8D1nwBTJwEqU1buIqXgCs8jJcm6cFynSKE/i2kAKVNIYFI kXlht96MxwwOVaMh8QUn82wGaCSkhyF4p2lPRzCEhnqxzctB3o4XPZFCNm0ORt5wSHBAnliz IyxXcPqRa4dqLRRCjf4mns2BP+cOi4BcpAiUFi2AKVOATZvI90o2Zqebs2FoZV88qytAn9UA UtEC540Gp1vg/EHvzIHcvTuc5cszsi6xei0oQ4cBC+cDu3fyChZV8a5wZyqPbLIxlYB6jOE8 oJLzMLFxF30GDH0Ucs16rDUCXVRmUPgCQ+cdCsTDE5irR2vBQKWFntxgco7oNq0cFGxwG5kl oiEhNQALRhOiIG9md/14mnSUzXZzqBZXDA42WjPogDSIzPJh5TOItnJVm73BzHJkwzzUKTq7 BCVGoyRdQmplKNT5s2wpMWeoRmQCpix5AVPN5bu0wHkzwUn7nBw6CLz3LqR7iZpZsTLrJyIk FyWSrTUweQLraYLTRwmQnX4V7qpsbv1nVpk9Ll5DJaakUH/8DsyZB/Tsz0ij5Kgoxl3rVXXi B8BQwwb1lRwedc70GjNJlzl9TVc7tder+tTAaH6vLrl1CcapPjWAalP/WdamFOYBL3ufaTMw k1/7kWPnC8K8uH88n4k7zKcrWJDW54R6ZwvFw920CdFYxrMeosjO5M4fo1Ba8QKmnjxigfNf xCYLXP55FOqijyA+MBjOGrXhio1n/UKc1StDHdgXeP8dAqod3GkAU7MiL+pDyaBHNBy2smaj SnqrP7Jbf7cZmErsnY7dGOE0LRcTDMmokXzpNlqIpk4yUjCNGEwLuQgB2jLodprZ5lNMrH/0 GJRojEpqt+mcZkklaskQoha016Wirl6z51mHsyDWBo9OyopO20nQyVVL3uJP1exQfVPQJa1O vam3bsgNnP4qr8e2FEO8qTjN7R883EyhLHTipBlAxQpB6NYZeG0WsItskHaHVqzg34vVMEcs cP7L4KRqDW0gu3Q5pBGPwHVHY5brStvrOYsVhtS2BRTKV7p2FXDiKM/wkVSf3ota6ZDeKJfu xDRMk3aNN8M9c5KrzhvXEak5C+qAB1jnLkfhOLjDgzXJGW70qNRtNNmQPHo5k0l9C/XPJtKB o8dLBXIsyiwvxMRDSCoCoURJiKVKs03BnpTIGhK5aDetIE3ihZlUwzCPncrsSAJmVrUREwN3 saJwVSyLzGqVkF2zBlzVa0NMrQmxUjVIZSvBnVwczsg41i6P8yKFGja1OSmg4N5df9uS9/n0 tm0Nh5PJOURfRzeSnDLF4O5/H+8CfviYxmwhG1KSJhnIWvArP3CqFjhvFjhFXp+35kvIY8dC aNsaQtHC3LFAvXsVKkLs1QfKq7N5c1va4ZmWm6mKVw6tV2Pc7GxyTALIX38loF4DfPQB8MrL wFNjIPS6G2KDBnCXpCTU4axUiamYFJxBvJms0e6cSDqueoZ5caoyCRoa6ucw0Z0xVMUUI0NZ LaKrKJHO1WpDbtEaSo8erF+Lu2snOJo1IQu2HOyJhZEdGQN7WDgjH9MZ67m6yqWrSK7LERZD VMNicBBbXOrYgWww90MdNQLK2Cegjh8L+cmnII8aDWXAQLibtWa8v7bIWLiZlOZFyzqTPXID oi/IcrFFAzVnMucji8HhrDMYPTdlbGd9TCuXh/TYI8DX63g3OGr/a847M3GFruBa4PwvgJPG Os8RdfPrryFOngxX+zvhIpKB1fiRndeRUgLO9l0hPDMdCmUxOHuGt4g3wiieBAUGTpeDA/PH H1k6mDBuLBz33YscAnpb/brILl8ajkIJRGoRdTCCA0FigAxj7Om0f4oQGQF3XBzroelILETU 7EQIEVEMlH4qbFiQl1Ri3tmoSAK6OAiVKkFsSUA5cDDw7BTgrbnAQmLvznoJyrgnIfa7H847 2yOTSPFsSj5GNqKckqWQTTYOR6kSrAOavXQZIiWrwVHnDvLauyAPH8E3mk8XAetWA5u+4eVU 35LP5qv1wCefsjCU2Ls3bLXr8BKsJMqEH8qkeiC7OhBAlTy6ovmHgDz1rWwz0cBJ22TQXic5 ZJPNqVsbyvSpwG5intiytQx2D6WIZCqSDghM05+MZrgWOG/kUHjgme6kmzZCmfY8HJ07kUVZ HJlhwcggX2pWxcpw3ns/lNlvEsD9RF57ERAcRtqBFw8p/cKp1Pz9DyiLPmVs8LTjmK1CeTiL JhNJGUvUvTCepaI5UQTGKB7KbEEhNAJSXCLkMmUh16kDqXkryOT9cr2GcJYsDTEmlodHfGKg utpHpS5dkGJhIvlr1YJ4zz3AlGeJyr4U2PYz77785wFic5EFuuUbqCsWQ13wDoQZM8gmMp6p 9bRTs/DAAD4HEyk4bDjE0U9AmjINoC3qKRMAff+xg8BfZBO6eoFXbly+zD9HmpO89VuiPi6A +vRYIkn7wtmoAbKKFGG9ZXQQycEe21M2k2rrqnyoqSWEEUcN9pKovE09nWEaraVm04byztR0 M7OT96XFxsHergPkBQvIxnmKO4ICbdS55d7BAue/M6jkpE1tt/0E9c034Bj4ILLIYrpaqTwy 69aCvWcPyNOm8XS+I8TmzMniKhEkPzVHoQ6G9Ayizu6E/PZ8uPr0Y3FTRuLl5aDx1BHKmr3H GtnGxkIuXx5o3QYYOBB45jngOSLxHh0FuVNHIgkrsAwXIdjfo6t7RcXIaKB8BaBjJyItnyZg IrbysaNcWrhdPNjuyAGyiD185Tz3Qv+xh6js3/NK/yUEyJ8S6bf4M2D5coCyQmzcBPy2k9z/ MV7XSN8vO/nnQO/ZzK1Es6DSyQZ2kmwCPxBp+sG7wOhHYScSPLN4GTiiYyERKaqE8T4yuheX x1hNjqlQbud6GONDTSEfzz3riQb0eb14moV+wkNZA2DaTiO9bn24Hx0NdcPXQEZ67nTr+aT0 qBY4b7bwVDjgDv9JFueXcM96FfbHRyNrxHDYJo9jDXHxHVmcJ8nCtOXwXFk9x9aUX2vk+OWQ 1+zZA+H9D1hrBnu16siJDmcSUm9oxLyYoSFeXlImUYk6LTRpAnXEw8Bcct5viMq4dTOr/cSM qcT27Q539UqQCEBVTeowx48e4qDOoOgYKKnVgHt6A6+/zjYd1uZeRoDmOhr3EVXFKbn2+Ys8 n/jECS5hzhBb/K+/iHS8yu6LO1E8vSf1HGNV41T2pBaTY4o2ckzyvkN7gZUr4X5mCrK73MUq QMTCSUR99+Xs8QBOMIGTfVYa+Ix4bwhPrBA0tV5PjKDgpJ8lbSTlKJRENsYqEO7qxkwLLF8G HD+qkXLBx6GXz7TA+W/GOt08If3gIQLEH4Avieq2bg3Z+b8ji2s/WZyX2QKm+ZaCocKqXo1T jWRL+uWfPskdQePGQWnVEu4ihaCEh5ocN8FG+hoDJ3X3x0fDVTUVQq97oNC+LDSDhbayv3JJ 474l9tyLz0G4uzPECkTFjQhnqpsryONhZQs2gUjfGsS+6j8AynvziVTcTTYVm5EModeWetiO fJK5ZV7ryiYtq5NlL8Jkc68P84r1bzPA2ysim4D+xGnO8zprNuQHHwQa1IWYlAgpPIrZ2Sw+ G+wJs+hJDN6tKLxjpLp0lcM1J5AWy6UqLfVCC1WrQO3fD5gzG9hMJPgpsuHYbVpc8/qBCfy3 mA5uC4eQwWJJJUg2kQ4XLjHKTFy8xMu7nIJR9K6onjI/v14Yii5JdDX5R2D2a0CfPpAq0cSG OE1S6MF+MzjJgkouAnfz5lDGjAFWEHXy5AmPpBKIOnqS7PprlkOaNBZCixbk9ZRSM5ItSsUU GxUT4yA3aACMHAGFkmL/uZ+BUzWRG0taLM+LwtN38eWyMHXnCQOiyrl6ZV9gmlrjsWM7yTMX rvJUyHeIRjDwAQjVq8MVn8Rio5KWLKG3PtDvBWaKEfozlbZhmr2qt0sI8W4GRT209thEqG3v JMAkmsNvv3LJT+1MGm+WFX8bswDS8n8stfbWkJxmlgJWfUAlhkvUEtVNERLFH5iKr5pIpQ4F U3YGL0Fa9AHwMAFJ/UaQChVhXkQ9r1X3sFJV1B0VDUf5ioywGK8SQG/7hWewKLJHfaK/798N 9ZMPIA0dDnu9RshKTGZOFqoiyppUphJJbNyE8+B8tYZ3w2KMDvDKDfbw7nqHCCQfoKn5bGx+ 5VT6iXyzpWhu8nlyLd8TNf2lF6F07AhnkRQjmYCpqhrYRM1upJ7W7MgIZCYmIqd4CnLKlmTx yqyiiYxWhHqAnVoivJ526CSfRxb5rHF/f9ZmA+lpGq+w9h0pHmYKNQ+vkPo/JilvLXCaajL9 3OfGrq8ayew8UO3NX2sU3bIpGTmaLFGB8gRRO+fJsZCbtYI7OYUF5XVPpN4klyYhuFOKwdm0 KcTRRGouJe85cpg7b1gith6PlbiKu30b8MZciIOHI7N+Q8ZCTjuYGe3jk5NZ+ARPP0tUyQ28 K5qsxfP0VEPNoUUdWIonD9EzTXFbVf+bfrNKgJWqH8IQz5ps1kqtJP31gp07oBYvBWg2VulS RpwWJicX9Vy745KQXaI0C/NkdO2M7Afvh2PkcDjJdPS7D872nSDUrE1sy8IsQ0nRHEY0XptW oiQwaiSwZ4fWBcwcj5a8GC18wZfbpqP+j4nSW6PLmNaVWDVX1hocJKZFatTDK35Nafj7FI9B 5nRApXbnmrWQCEiEtkRKFCvJdnWW/B3ucXo4Y6PgrlYN7t69Ib36KmcTp82VdMeLtsB5bq6T qIdE5d5C7OJ35kN+5BG42rRiZVC07wrNNKIS2t2kOTB+Eovdsgwlwe1prMOuX4SnDZMpeUKf FLheBNmKf1Me/bbNtjffATRybc1xRjGp6otc5JvFmq+gDBsBR9nS7HOQ9U5rFJjEXnQWSkF2 5epwdLqLeVkZA/+qFcBWYjtu/pZlc+HVOcCAB+CqXhP2qBgjiZ96aC+T46pPPs6zsqj32ARO el9mLuLrNj0tcN5kgP6dl/uwIUA1CR0qoS5eYE4d5aWXIXa+C85S5ZgKasT4iO1Ekw2EkqUg tetAwDSBLMBVROIe4Z5RxTtIbmwAlDf1zHng113AJ8SmnDiB2VeuYkSCRkSxvGChDrE5R4wC lqzgrPbUltZKY5j/S1VMKromTTWVz0z/aWQK56ff+a1mk/Q0SSmFXvvp08Sm/hzuBwcjp3Rp FvPV83cpQ4FE7kNq3ArioGEQZ87iBN979xGt4TIv73NofgHaLmPmKxDat0VGdJhhp9Jc34xq VVnWEqO0FN2mXiaSV1aQilt3BOF2Hz6MCEb1CX28lsFUUBo7lXv2gpPYlM7QcKa+0cVIFyJN FhDq1gUGDwXmUd4irTRNko025nIgINiJNEhL5/FJ6vR5dBSkug0YMGknLFrAjX4DGDcStu/k sVcDdPA4dMz3EQCcch7qnNevam4A9WGuy8riVTnz3oXYuxexI4ux3FeZpjBGBrEQCxoRe/mR x4APPgJ27OA9MKljTjKFcJhH/Ayx6RexOPTV2AgeOybgtCfGIKdRI+D554ED+73YDfzK+ixw 3sJDD6HoItO8OLWO2fjwfaJ+DWC1hPawUBafpPamKzoC7gplIXUhUnPqFGAjUUEvnDd6gAIw WBbMqrUnpkFel5nGs3Vmz4GzU1fYCqfwHNmSJVgSgjR5Cu/LQrOaFNETo1Ukb7U8l/zRvMDp 3UPGk/jv7RQy2a+Si2cUfb2SaAmPwd2U2MuJSRCCQ1i8llK1OCtUgtKvPwHdR1yDoKEPmvss ceeVEcKhJ0kj975qNbL73kfAGcfDMDTdsmhRlg3EHGs0acLrmgPUaVrgvEUFp6x42XBeNhh1 3Z8gC2zxJ6z9PI1hcnDy4l9a+SLVrw1l0P2M7Au7iITLzPGYeKrqnbNrmoquQ8tkwR/9kzH5 ue/tD0fJsjzZvXAipDsaQKBMgitW8nxgvX2ArsaaE/fVfCRjfuDUSLcVrbLDe81r8U5bJtms iCo+n9iPfXoQIJaBU6tlpaEkZ+Fk2Bs3hTx+IrEtt7KED+g8Ppr5IJBjifq9XyOaw+o1SOvb D1fiE1l4iuZC24oVg6NLN6I1vAUcP+HRZAwvtAXO20NwGtJHMpobCQSonLRa5LHJJQScQwfC XrUybOHhLN/TFRLJbES5TStg7OPA58Q2PHKcLEjJ44NRPQ4XwwtqNM5ReXIAzeyhqtvCjyD2 fQDu0mUZ5YkjIQLOWkSNHng/D+ecOMYdTMZilGDuy52X2op8JavZvlT8EpGYZ5gmItAUwtVk oxgzBnL9RhAooMIjeHoeeRTKlIOr173AW2Sj2kc0DkHUwh765J8xs2Cpqpp2lUjONUjvQ8AZ V4jFSqnX1lGqNMTuPchx3ib3fVzzoHNPs+7UU2+DtXlbg9Mv4Z21NpI0NRSc/oSmBH68CBj0 AJxViFobEcEWkS00Ao4y5eHq3Bl4YTqwmUiKvy6DdUbKLcDIwhiyh4SKqrU0T5SWpb0xF9Ld veEuVorF/ewxoXCkloLQuxujX2HJ7hLPgeXRFMkIKch5+Hjy8lB6qa8m549x+aqW2EFVb7qB rFgBZewE2Fu1g7NoKUghEUwVpfm17ugEuOs1hDJuHPDVVzwJRPKo3owzlh1f5PdPn7t8hUnO rD59iVqbwCSwg4DcUa4cRErgNW8er7+l1yDpWU6SAU7VAuetDU4jkC3LXsxtbKe+mgH8vB14 bQ7ke+5hi4aqtVSFoyVMttRUxpHLJMVvfwDpdpO/QtEWJLxDGBo4VYWg2E3UvrOniU1JFvNz z0Bs3QbOpMKM4YAmfTtKpkDu2I73/vj5JyCLU3ya+XV943hqvl7Y3N3X5rgguw0KCjv5DA7v BZZ+BvWxMXA0bQlb8dJwRsZwFgMKzIhwOEuUZZsLI/M+tI+3SfSJbCl6KwyW0EDmGWJHL14C G3UIEXuVJi3QzS+7XFk4evZkTieWD00/K1k0QkSqqX+qBc5bGJyeRG+tP6eiqVwZRI07QPuh rIL81EQIrVrDVqQoHLRqIiyMtZoT6taGNHQo8MliRpMCu2T4lKgE5v9MNqGRD0r+6ibq7LVL UHdsh7zwPYjEps2qVg22yGgmQWjZmKsQUfXq1QKGDwE++4RX/2cJJtNVzR9/au4qrfl5j33s ARNlGpQvnIa05Wuozz+LnLZtkUE+A+qwojY3KwoPI7Z34cKw178DyuNjgU3fkvu6rJFtqUZi j3kjYT/kkJ8OEHvy3XeQ3aU90mLCePEA2fwyS5RCTpeuvHCAglN2e3lsvRkTLXDe2gjV45oM oAIvxTp4EFizjnEFKff0gVitOisHY7QhZNJCajRswFoP4vOVnBtXkE15r/yf3pzXkBhUIlN1 liaynz4FedNmiK++BjeRzLRQ2hUdrdV7EqlES8dKlABatYI89kmyUSzjMU+bk6uFkuzlFTbU dDNbcq75pt6L2ytvQ4/3Uo6ek8ehrl0F8fExLLyRGZ/AQyehXJ0VY6LhrpIKR+++BGgLuBlA +9P4dorWwO/WP/AM8pptu4CZLyO9bXNkxoXz8BTRGrITk5HZuDXRGGYC+w961GPFrPFwA8SK c94O4pOuTLcT0pULcO/dA4HYQtIrr0EYOARis5aQqB1EFiKnFSFSg4KzXj1W58jKwWj+q8Rd MzxBgIc9/GKJipa7S/mJLlyA8tMvUN57H+pDIyBQ7qOUYgyUjEA5hIA0Koad29WxPcRxT0L5 7DNg9+/ApcuczUETTWZGc6kADSfNCQpqIDuVHogWDJw6zatriF0td+sGoVwZiFERBnOfUCgR avMWwKRJwLffciePJHmFZfTbpocU2DlFHrfd8Rvw6kxcbd2cqLUhnD2BAJ5So2Sk1ob86FNE nd/G71MxpVkG2FwscN7CNidzsGRlQTp8GMKGbyG/vQDi2ImQiESg9ZlipbJwJxJVNiyYlYcp RK1FjRrAkAeARe8RiXGAZ76oMDUM9PR/NFeEsI5nRE1TbDlQTp+G+t33wBtvQR1ENoJGdzCA slS+ME7T4YyLh610STibN4Mw8hHgvYXArt0cCKKoJR7IRhhEKlA3WHPc1ZTeZ9YmBIUDg3qK V62ESjYHqVkTuJKTGOGWIyIYtsJJUDrcCbzyErD9FyAznaugJo+qLzjZ5+IiZsMRIhXfX4gr 3TrjSlwYoFWzUL6g7KLFoPTsxdV56jGnZoD52hTVCqXcDt5a3m6BqrPpUP48DGnTd1AWLYby wkzWi0Pu0Q1SnepwJsczikZadM2AQ1ROmS7M554GNtK2D6e0EjHNflVFk5PJW2rJ+obgsPMQ xarVwISJjGfXXrw4C9lwRr0QRnBFHVHZycS2a9gI7hEjIVKWgz8P8TRB2TuBQA+t+OXMIjA4 VXPs1FztImu6ZCaRcj9shfrcM5BaNIezcCHYaUE0AagtgWgTTRpCenIMsPhTItV3cydX+lUe JhJlQyXl16aBk7IwEC2FmgTX7u2LS3FRnFVCIyejDjfKbiiNHs3DVCf+5JzB+iXmV3JjgfN/ fWgLhboO6WJx26BevQLl5Cmoe4kk3PI9o2Gk9p7Sri0DI6Wp1AuI3dFxkFNrQKWMBa/M4uof ZR1wO7VkbTcM9y0THb4VITRlhrz23Angq7XA5IlQW7aEkJzMKE+M+ketMJm2VXcXT2EbgvTy VODHLTz/VzR7MhVPKAjIF5x+XbdUE4u2TrRNO3dRbWLkaEafqRCpzviBwjQKzpJFILVuCXXY cJ7VQ2tZf/kJOH7EKBL3qtGTtZ4mtIRu/UZkDByGtEKFeT0nlZ7kmLQAnZKjORs0Jhvk48AX xHQ4e9yQoKp660c6LXCyhagBiUo6Ciq62GkA/ZoWg3x7LsQ+fZBdqRIy4mNZVgzNf82KiUdO yXLIatgEjkHDIRPVlFWk0Hb3tB5U1I5puHBN4GSPCu+9cp5ImvXrID37DIR27ZBdkkjOhFg4 YiLZuWiTJHdsOGwx4XClFGGs584nRkNduYxIz8McADKX1LmC0+9XT56ud0s8U5MnvcKFMkys +hIZ/QfjSklOl+mMCoczOpjMUMbMl12hAjIaNYGNSEH35Kchf7KIq7m0RE6WTZ5qLb5LB1WZ N21FxqOP4XLZssiJDGN0MA4iRankzIyNQ1pKaWS1bQ/H888Qm/YrTTtxsswuK855W6i1ug2j eC8kJwEOsUHV5cvgfnw0Mu9sjbQaqchOrQxblZrIrFYT12rVxKU7GiKz293IGfU4nHPfhbxh E5QDBzWb0GU4LlQvuiLtfLQwnObNbtkM4bVZsA8YgPQmjXGtZi2kp1aFvVI1OCtXZVw6WVUq I6dOPeS074L0EaOQM+89iLv3cOcKtfOUvMEZMNHdlOvred4EUBrGoCVuq7/E1ZFj8FeDpkiv mMpivI7UCshJrYgMcm1pNWrjcv3GuHxnJ2QOGQbHK69BXL8eKt2oWMsEeHVwYz/S3OXvt+La 0xNxpfkdSK9UDplVqzKS6xxiz6dXr4GLNarjQosWuDpoIFxz34D04w88ecEtWonvt4NDSPKN Jyha/aWLLMwzZyF9txXCu2/DMfFJ5AwdBNfAgRAGPQQXbZw7bAiyhg6EY8QjyB43Cemz3kD2 51/AvXM3p0mhNqXPZuDhL9LaPNAqlt93QySS0P3yS7CNeQzOESMgDBkO5cFhwINDoQweAueD g+AeOgLOMeORNZW87tPlsO2k4Mzk0kgRgVy8mLnGQH1qW2X4pPRR0FO2vu9/Rs7rb+Pqw2RT 6P8g5EGDmQNLItclDB7KrtU++GHkPDwa2ROfhu3t+RA3bYZEc4KpBqG1tdDtbfaZ01DNH7uQ Mf9NXBv9MLIe6Af3sKGMylN+aDjcQwaz39OHDsHlUaORMfs12DZs4NlHlBTci5HMAuctKTnl QItW0UiyaAtzmny94zcoZGEoq78Aln/OkhOwfDWjnlSWLYe4ZDnsK1Yj+6uNcG4jr6XvYe3P Bc2xEggkClepnQRcl85BObgXyk/fQV3/Fa8LpQnvy1fxc9FY6ufkfCtXQVmzBsq3m+De/ivE s+ch0VpPWfZ4XcwOIeSTIx4g19YLnMyLnQ0cPUmubTvENeuhLCXXQyfZhLCKzM/pta6CTK7T vWw1XGvXQ/xpG8T9B3jZHa0BVbw3AAZOajr8dRrSzm1wrlsD4fOl5P5W8HtfSSe/X3npMuQs XYrsr9fDtY9sRlfJZuG2mwoBLHDesgANnPYmc6lGvY0OF0/8phLu6hWuVtE4I53UIUMlJPv9 EieiyszkUoECkwLcBE5/M1ALuVDp4rRxW/Ua5aOl5yHHunjFMy9p56WSjNqB1KFic/ByLHNA sSCRlHxsUsODq2i1l1RSUerNq2nkGq5q16IRUdMi6sv656I9Umlud3JgmpMlfFV7euycTG4C XNWORe+RFmPTSY934SL/nOlz9J4pWZp666fwWUkIedL16/aRqIVFqJfRreV6Uo+swzOZQ8nt KT0jj5TfJ1Cg3+uces2Wb1WZarJL1QB9Js3seL5//0fAqfuwFJ/+paJ2n9oE7Tnj5PfPPhe3 5lRzGx5kr0wh3xNR/hNRp0TU+2xy+5m9XxG9PgNVqx2QFVPPVAuctzgwA6h3koEdD/eQV9mT NlWtr5XEqlp4q3o+81CbVXjH7DRA6uely95leqRT0KYfV60vUHEd4Czgx6PXg0h+/0Tyj1dp eq7MDErFKGsLWMJm4p9VVM87hQBTAnL/TC1w3qrhlABZMvqzvtkovsBS/CWbXr+pBsSLz7nM DXoNcaAEuC4fBr18mKz0PqP5U2P61EcG2jjy4Nlkdq2Z39Z4n+ZY87kO1Ww2BDoWAmgBxgYE rywm1ZKctyE4A00llwWrA6rAIsoXeAGe09U4qr8pPtxAqpK7WnudErNA4AykbudCqxnwtYE+ TtXDpGYwE+alzRSQzd0C560OztxepXrjwYxPyednKc815M0nRBVit4/K5p2Hqwb0ugbESAFf 97c/KdWbMV/2uW7Fp3JEDeARV3P5HDyt4r0lrWfb8NEiFNlyCN3u4PRNTzUvykBWlnkh+vhm AizKvN+v+vmOVL9rUH3AqfqCOz9w5iN15VymGgCcci6+KTmfTUq3SgOd0y/0VMDN1ALnLeQX KogX9zqeLlC3K88Piv9jgEWo+lS4/CPaXx7eWjkv6Z8f/21+n2/uLy/Amy1w3pYO2/w8uV4p b+bHv9GKjv+g+E8UZF6fiXa9n0eeqqiq5B7i+af06TyPY4Hz9gZnAECoxqNkYpMzER0XAEx/ e2NQC+Yz+Sc+A+/pSwuiwDdccr337X1yn02pQKA0n9sCpwVOY3FKRqzTE/MsyGL9hyT3PwzO /AWfeVNSvDYl9TokfIHBed3TAqflMPp/z+tGxd9yYP1/QZmrzefHouBzLQXtwXK9F/gPHc4C 5+0EzoAr23vRqn8XnHmu0RsDzgJd39/xjOVzjIKmFVrgtPTa/9fOnldfyOtpQVcgqsu/Cc48 j/s3pO11X7fP9Qf6nNTbTH21wHkTwOn7lH8OaACp+7ftyIIv3gL3q/x/gDNQfBIoCEVnYAeU BU4LnDdI7fUJxBsxTMkodfIwEsgwJyT4Ji54Ok0rWmdu2cR0oDmoFMFUOeJ/HYEyl7y6Xpte 65844cnKYQRipiwk/rQnj0dPyvA0RhIM5nvzByLLMm6LZicWOP8L4JSQVwyS/6J16pIFLz5X A2C+ZFs+wNRtWMmLhsQ3rKAx8Pnkrcq5SXHTxuBVzgUtM0pVCyDBfLKdVL2Ui9fW6Cl5gapm VAugFjhvDkBzUQXN3k6TdPNITl4nyqWiqXmv6diqXo1iBlgASWnOwzULtsD58d7XEbhNoJKH iew5r0x7v6iyB9SK/rxopg7yJODi9iCFtsD5Xzdp1UCOHE3DUzwFzKpvZYivymzi+VG9wH49 16L6bShmNdaoFgmg6npxLfm0DFRgajxsVKTwnqd6B25dhPNcZXNdrAVQC5w3yZ+UO4mWrNlt qvc0+oL6s+IpWhG3sfAlf7B7yrC81UQPEH1S7sz2qKrmLhF9mhsFBqdiqMvMlqa2pGQGp8xI DmQfHZ+r8G6jS7c1LHDeMGDKyCfTSKfbIFOWBLjdbjYFSYRT5jwChiPFKLbmoJUUN/kT59JV BPJalwiXmyx6QWX0RPriV01SmhU4K3orQ4FTh1B+XNFJfnRAcDvhcrnYdDqdxiOd9Lqowyav sJC3Day3UHQzwmfFJUByiuRU5DyCy2Ag8a6d1qhfLMlpgfNmSM3c/0bJu+wQcq4i8/IZnDz6 J/b8vgu7du/BngN/4tj5i7iY7YBN5t5OT1EkbzQrkPfmZF9D+oVzOHP8CPbtO4Bdew5g/+GT OPHXFVzLdsGteIPTIzklxnWkOjJgv3oW548fxIE9O/Hbju3YsWMHdu7cid27fsOunfTn3di5 6w/8vu8gjp06i/RsOwOkqHAnj3+4Q5Oosgq308Xu7dzR/fhz3x52/N92/IIDBw7g7EVy306Z 3ZugmsvcFAuYFjhvDkADhVG45CKSKf0vnD+yG79u/QrLPl6I12fPwquzZuP1dxZi6Vdb8P3v R3AqzQ6bqB9UC50QaeS0ZeDcycPY+eMmfLFiCd55dz5ee2sBPli6Fl9t/RVHz6Uh2yl7GAZM TiTeoDcDOZdP4dien7Bh9WeYN/c1vPTiC5j+wot48aWZeHHGdLwwfSqmT5+BGS++gpmvzcHC jz7Dj9t34tylNDiI4HVrAPXUkaqGJHU63bhKNo49v2zCmiXvseO/MH0KZpDjzl+wEBt++BVH yDXSzUdv+u1l7FoeWwucNxKcTIXUVVdN4ZO1n2TbVVw6uhvb1i/GwlnPYsTAPujWqT3atuuI 7n0H4dGnX8EbH6/Dj3tO4WKmW3Nmao2JiCqalXYJB3b+iFWfLsDzk8bgvgH90b3fQDww+hnM XrQK3+8+hAyHpMVTZXiHU9wQcy4h/fR+/LTuM8x6fizu79UVbdu0QuPmLchshQYNGqBmzZqo Vbs+GjRsgqYt26B7rz547KkJeGPeB1j37c/Yd+QcrqQTtVfyxDFFjfLAZcsi1/czli54DeNG 9kOPrq3RslVTtGrTGv0eHIJpr8/Dxu37cCbdQXn6PJSYPlQm1rDAeWPBSW1DU0qaTCRX1sUT 2PfDWnw0axJG9umIBtXKoUTRwkhMKoKiZauiccf7MXTcTCxa/QMOnU5jXff0A6vE/ks/fxrb t6zD2zMn4f7enVC9di2UqdUQ9Tv1w6ipb2H9T7/jqs3txxTA6TxdkDLP4sKhbVj3yVyMHnQ3 alYujaSkBETGJSK6UBFExyeRaymM+ITCiI1LQkJCAgoXSUb5KlXQuFV7DH10IuYuXIFtfxxn m4eg258M/CJy0v7CprWLMYkAs1ntMiheNA7xiTGISyqE8lXros9D4/DWZ19h97ELyBY1k1pW bp8EWQuc//JgYkvkXbHNzhK3DZeP/Y7NK97FsyPuRasapZAUEYTQoCAEBYUgKCwOiaVro2nX gXh29iKi3h5DjmDyvhJwZvx1Ej9vWIFZU0ahy50NkFyiGMJTyqJ0484YQED9+aZfcSnL5YmZ mmseFWI3Zp7G2T82Y+V7L+HB7i2RnBiBoGBy/ugEpFSoivotWqFjtx5o36ELWhJpWrtGKhIT ovlromJRulpj9Bz0FOYv34R9p68x6cd9y/R+bbj2134sWzgTfTo0QkpMEILp+9gMQ3hCMdRq 1ROjp8zF19sOIt0FTzMj3AbEsxY4/yuGp6SBU+/QJcKZeQnHdm7CZ3OnYMjdzVG1WBQiCDBD yOINZgANR0RCKVRr2BEPjXsZKzfuwOVst8dpIom4du4ofvp6CV6dMhJd2zdEkZIlEVa0HEo1 6oIHxr+C5Zv4e3RwehFAqw6I6Sdx+vcNWDX/BTxwVwskJ0SRTSEMhcpWQWeiVr/y9nx8vWkr Nm4k1/nRIowdPRytGtdCEpF+FGBB8WVRoeFdGPX8PGzadRwOaAEUSiTtvIwz+7bgrRmPoWXd cohi90RmKNkAgsh7Q+NQrEoz3DNsMj5Z9wsuZGuxXPX2zpm1wHkThabhxFE8zPCqmE2A9Sex NT/GrMnD0L1lLZQuTMAZHoyoqCjERIQjLCgY4WExKF+5HvoOGYsFS77B4fPpcOixQQJOqhZv /3Y53pg2Gj27NEWpcuURW6oaKjW7G0OfmYOVW3cRcIqadijBu1zNDRDJeZEA6Mv3X8bgnm1Q slhhhMTEo0Ld5hj34hwcOnORxy/JjTgz0vDNqk/x5IgBqEXU7/BoAtDwFEQWb4Aew6Zg9fcH GLk1O4+UBdelw9i3dTGmjumH2pWKITo8BAnJKShcrBQSY+MQFhKJmEIV0LTzALz+8Zc4nuZm 3l89LdDKELLAeXPAqcczmTrphJB9ESf++B7rPnwFE4b3QLs7qqJc6aIoUbI0ypWviLIlUpAc HYm4sBCUKV0R3fs+hFfnLcOvh84w9Y+n8knIvHAc2zYuw5ypo9Czc3OULl8J8SVroHKz7hgy 8TWs3LIbF7P8wcmlG7E5047j/B+b8MWC6Rh0d2uUKp7MVNoK9Vvj2dffw9HzV7X4Ko3lOLD3 p6/x2tQn0KpJTWI7JiAopAiR1PXRbfAzWPXdfg2c5Hz2y7h44Cds+PBlPNSzOSqWKoqUkmVQ t+WdaN6uM+qmVkZ8cDBCQ+NRpcGdePqND3HgUg7z2HpyeS1wWuC80RotTAClgQbBhqzzf2LH hiV4d+ojeKBbYzSqXQlVq1dDw+Zt0bFLD3Ru3QyNqpRB5WKJqFS2FNp17ovx09/C2h/+wGnq GdWcLukXjjDJ+eb0x9GrcyuUK1cVSaVroWqzHhg68VUNnLKpa5nnuig41YxTuEQk57r3ZmBY r3YoUbwIsSUTkVK9KQaPnYZvvv8FV6+lIfvaFZzcvxurP3oLE0cNQKM6FREZTVTg8GIoVrUd ho6djQ3bj8LODuyGK+00fiebxtvjB6NL/QooXbIUAWYHDJ8wFZNnzMSIfvegTslkxEXEoEzl Ohg4YTo27D+Ja5KnLYpqZb5b4LwZ4DSXhcmOdFw8+hu+WTwH44d0QTuyeKullkfdRk3Ra8Bw PDnhaUx47GEiydqhVe3yqF6+FBo1bY9Bo5/DB6u24OC5dNgZziRkXDzO1VoizXp2bIGyZSqh UMnqqNr8LgybNIuB81K25EmGNztZFAJOYnNeIJLzywUvMnAWL1KI2JzRiC1dBW3uGYCnp7+I JUuWYOmnH+Ht2S9jwuih6NiqAVKS4xAcHoXYYlXRuMMgTJ+7HDsPX+KJErAj/cxefLnwFYy+ uyXqFI9HseJl0KH3YLz+ySqs3bQFi2ZPw4N3NkT5wokoXqo82vZ7GO98+SMOXsxBtswzm6xh gfPmSE5Fa3+lEqmSeR5//roeH74+Ef06NUD1MokoVjQFTVp0wLDR4/HyrNfxzuszmITq3ro+ qlUohco1G6Jj72F46d0l2L7/DIsp0nBI1tVT+HnTCsyZ/hR6tG+GimXLoUipVFRrwdXa1Vup 5BQ8ktMMTpodRMB5fs+3WP/+TAzr2RalixFwhlBvbSzKptZE89bt0KNHT9zd4y60a9saVVOr oGjRYoiMS2KhnqYd+2LMc29g9aZdOJdm56qzeBWndn+Dt557GJ3ql0dyRBCKpFTEvYOexKdr N2PP/n34fvV8THn4LjSuUgKFCxdBxaY9MGzaQqz66TAuOXhSg+WttcB581BKHUJCNtLOHsIP X32MGUTla1uvPFLiQhAfm4AGjdtg2KPjWBbO22+8iGeeGobudzYmam1JArhKqNWsKx6f8iY2 bjuELBcHW9a1s/hp80q8Pn0ckZwtUbk8B2el5t0xePJsfL7pN+atlU1qrSdRyAWFgJOqtV8t fBlD726DEkXjODhDQojKGoWwcCJFY+MRGRmJiIgIBIdEIjquKMpVq4+ufYdi2pz3sWbrThw7 n4UclwTBmY6sCwfwy9r5GDewE6oXi0VkEAFn8cro/cAoLPxsFX7+5XtsXPEWZjxxH9EMypJ7 j0NE8Tpo3OtxzPp0Ew5fdpuS6K1hgfOGeYRgqjwR4LJdxYmDv2H1J29jzJB70KByCcQTMESE haN8pWrodFdPDBsxEqMfGYoH+nTDHXWqILlwEiISU1CyahP0H/U8lnyzExcyJbaAs9PPMcn5 xgtjcU+nVqhQoRISS1VF+Rb3YMhzc5mNmuFSIQfYK5hDKIOA88BmrP/gRTzUq60GzmAERZDH 8FhExMQjIbEQoqOjkZiYiJJEBW3c7E4MHzUeCxd/gR2HTuF8hgtOzUbMuXoaB7etw/szn8C9 rWuidEI4IoODkVikJBq36YSHHnscL740FS88PQrD+nZEzYqlEBlOvb4lkEJs11HPz8cvhy4Z HmlLdlrgvLE6rcKTzCXRgbRLp/DbzxuwgNhcA+6+E6nFk1hskyYdhEbEokiJ0qhcrTpq1qiC qhVLIyk+iscGQ6IQXyIVHfs+hjc+2YC9Z7JYQkL61bP4ecMyzJ0+lknOcuUrI6lsTaS27YuR MxZg864jHDj0CiSFNyTTQzHUQrSfw8WDRHK+Px0P39tKA2c4YgqXQaXaTdCxxz0YPHwYhpI5 cuRIjB37DF6bMx8r123B3qPnkCXA8LBSNfnKyT/w9eK3MHZgNzSpnMI2HhazDYtEXEpxVKxW GQ0bESnZgNjF5YsjKSqcPE+kdBCRngkV0HPwZHy+ZT8u2FTm9JKtVWSB88aCkwf+3a4cnD15 EBvWLMbUCY+iU8sGKFE4DuHBZHESdTEoLAYRsYmITUxCYkIMEuMiEROpLe7gUMQll8IdHfpj 7MuLsPanIzh2KQvnz5/Atm9X4O0Z49CrA3UIVURCySqo1OpuDH56Fr78fgfSc7ScXJOnlhVk KW6I2Wdwbv+3WLNwCob1boaSRRMRTKRmiYoNcd+wJ/HR8tXYsWc3/ti3F/v27cOhgydw5sxV XL7mgt3Nj6PqQHel4/iuzZj30jh0b1YD5RIi+MZDrj0oPBLB8fGIiicSOCkWyYUKIy4mFrER oYgIDkIYeV14eCKadh6EFxasxc9HrnDb01pFFjhvnJ1Je6Dz+KLdlonDe3fg4wWv4+H+PVCv WhkUio9BcpHiqFCjIeq36ID23e5Bl+49cFe3TujWuS3at2nMpEzFcsTuLFoCZWs0R5cBYzFj /homFY8eO4RfNq9i4OzR7g4UTS6CoOjCSChfC3d07YPHJk3B/IUfYfFnK7Dks+VYvHgplqz4 HOs2bcWvu3bi0B8/Yv/Pq7Bi3mQM7NEIRQrFscydMtWa48kpc7Dn6GktI0mrqFG4zWrmHWIQ ErIgXjuNbes/xZODe6BycjRiaLZTUDBSSpVF9SbN0bp7d6K2d0bXrp3Rrevd6Ni+E1o2qo+q pVNQKCKISdCilZuh8+Bn8c7nP+LABZsFTgucN8Vdi6z0y/j9l814Y8Yk3NOhMSqXKowUourV b94eA0dPxivzPsPK9ZvxzabN2LJ5A7Z+uxYrPpmH18nrH+jVGTVSKyKZqLZV7uiGIeNnY9mG 7dj1xx788t06vDNzEnp3aIZSKckIDolAUEwcEkuWRbmqNdDgjuZo2qQVmjdthWbNWqBth454 YNgjeGHmLKxa/hH+r72zj2nijOO4yRKX6WZ0bo4/NPtDNxOncRqzLFN8nYIaN1+Cos4t6tSw N43JkGjMxkYy1G1WC0jFCTKiMkGULQOLOsfWKajIS0sptLy/1bJCoQpt7+67u6d3vbvSuUzT /55fcqH0uOuV3Od+z8vv+X5/44E6m3oA29bNF6dSxmDStLn49OB3uGO2yZoG4jIuJaD+7+gB O2BHb1MlLmdpsHH5Wxj71AiSNUc+PRrzlq7AvuSjOF+kR1GJHnp9Ma7wry9fuIATh7/Cro3v YNbkCFJBNGLURETMXoXdSZkwGLsonBTOMPNJJEcYOB3tuGsohiYpHjHLIzFr2hQCzpa4z5F+ vgh3bffF+UsxGzFuDNhtqCj9BUcT47EmegmmT5+DGW9EITbuIE7+dAVlFVUov3kdWSnJ2L5h Jea89irfb3wB48aPxZjnx+G5cf4VJaOeGYNnR48lVT0REyfhzUXRiPtsLzIz0nG18CzyTyUj Pi4Wr8+cgQmTpmL24jVISD6BshqrCEhorSKW9dcMM71d6DDdQq7uMN5fuwwTechfHB+BqXyL YHdCIkrKqtHL+NWQ/HW9PO5uFyy3S5Gl+RobVy7ElMkvY+SEV/DSzCjsTNBAf7OO9jkpnGHO nGRMyAOXswNV5XpkpyVj30fbsDkmBtt37cU32jO4eseCTp5MDxTqeUIdrq8PPc3V0OedQWL8 HmyK3YL1m3YgISkFZwtv4HZNLSrulaPo4jkc+iIeOzdvwNoVUYheuhBLly3CggWRiIzkM6aY NefNn4slUdF4b8cnSEzW4NLFApSV6knxfOqhA9i+dRuWr47F1t37oc3JQ421TW66kmVmbADO wNpS7yAGezrRVF2GSznp2LdnJ1a/uwqL3l6JzR98DF1mPurbnYEVKxwp8uN/49x40NWIP3/N x5Ev9yMmZh3mLF6Fhes+xMHDGTDcrYePoZVCFM6wM+rFw4c9aG+shuFaIfJ+PI2MtJPIyilA cWkFLJ296GMVws5C/ZrQX2UfkKIFyz0DD2AuMnUZ0KVnIbegBIYKMxraOtHc2kLkRUoK83Hu tA4ZWg20miNI0X6P4/ym1R6DRnOcbMdTjiFVl47s3AJcuXELVZUmtDU2wFZTht+LC5CdnUMW UZ/i918rr0RLtzMITln0WrK9Zz0P4e1zwtFsRYXhOvJys5Galo5vNTqczsrHH3+ZYBenfhhy 1CB/nJs8eDzOblIWeLXoZ2T8cApJR1NxKC0TFy5fg8XaQeGkcIaTSr+qnpA5PUMDfPbkm3+t NljrzDCb6vgbsA3t3S6iozMoDrAoRDCJWrvX44arpxsdzTbYzBb+uHpYba3otDvR43LD2e+C w2FHO7+/qd4Mi7EK1dWVMNbWwGiqRG2tEUZjLWpMRvLabKlDna0FzR0O3Hf0wd3nQv/9LnS2 8NdlbUS1uQHGxma0OP5G/yCrWAuqgJNjFFKd/PcTRMCcPehua0JDfS0qjWbcqTLDZuuC3T4A frdiwbdwriHyU1BzGOjtQVdnK2rrTLhdVUWObbS1ob/vAZn6oXBSOMMQw41kJeU71ifYDvgV 8oQkGewUHcq4h2WEZi4PhYfvr3lZlV4sI/ThhP2McG6GKPf5+MwrvCf0C70Mv5F5Th/5fEFR wStV8ylGlYVrGRL0fDguIDkiK7QHw6lYNUImT1lyDuE7CrWxHoZcrn+wWlFRIBzLglEJgQmv Pb4hosgnKBBywj+GBS3ho3CGEU5BmkSSJ1EMpqgBVq8Wkf1LOKLFo6qUkZQxRU0gTrRfUAt4 Kac5/OdX6sr6B6hCu4iFkvIM9C3JQI48+jxMlV0hii2xqlo0LV67VAhB5lsDlUCKBxlZmM7J 5jA0KJxhzZyKu102MBIV8MimmKpQZBPJo0St5K4ExBdwkiaoiNrQ5N5mZUsGWdwZw232iOCX LA4tfQ7HSOLS0oOGCXIAYwOK7nJTnFXB7n8wef/l+pWrdkQl+YCTNWjtHoUzvAO1Un4JNiSR M+HwgRZuWJNYhoRlJK8RCU6POPqpUH4PsmvgxCaqymslIDjmFXN0kJkR8S7hFJmLFe0Ygj+f VTdPJcgCJ/KSwbBA5g5OydL5WTW0bMC6iQaFM0xwMiEyhsoagdAm+opwjMLNi1U08WRbAiV7 ZI6R3PweGU6VpKTcpGRCwckODYPTF3xoCDhZRtk2kPuO/tFbJugh4beM8AVl5YCQF4cgDxXl 22olhFBGTBROGk8E6H//waPt8x4tdPX/DHJDHzcc/CduVoZwqH4cQ14aFE4aNCicNGjQoHDS oEHhpEGDBoWTBg0aFE4aNCicNGjQeIz4By7q4DOlKJD4AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACEAAAAWCAIAAADB+WItAAADEElEQVR4nK1VS0hqURQ1sZKg aFIgKEVFGFJvYloY9i8IJaggC7JyIAU1KBEhpdCwD/RG0RdSIhyUomkf6ENgGYSDQAIdNNHS mjaqwKJW3fC9Mu2jGy7ce8+5e52991rrUp6enkgkks/nW1hY8Hq9pDgFg8GQSqW5ubm4p+A6 Ozvj8/kcDqe8vJxCocQOcHt7u76+Pjc3d3BwwGazXzIODw8/PDz09fUJhcLYAYhITEwcHR1V KpU7OzsvGB6Px2Kx4Pn6+hoFxpj98fFxYGDg4uJCp9MpFAoS0SuMJCcnZ29vr6Wl5fLyUqPR JCQk/A7g/v5eLBanp6ebTCaHw0EM+1/309LSNjc3u7u7JRLJ4uIiiv0pwM3NTVNTU1lZmVqt /v+U7yaclJS0srIil8sxGKPRmJqa+n0Av9+Pr9Dq3t7eD0sfWUQmk/++RlVVlc1mo9Fo3wFw u92oQKvVNjc3h69+zlSZTIbslZWVoCCTyYwOcHx83NnZubS0BOp/uiGiGtrb2zMyMhoaGtA9 Ho8XaRsOgd6azeaioqJIe6Iprra2FvQA2aamptCK8A3z8/MzMzP7+/tZWVlR8nyh6vz8fBaL BbJdXV1BpKH3IOXIyMj09HRFRQWYGj1JNAxoUyQSoQ70GnWAOWNjYyAFTKGnpweocDkYRklJ yfLyMqzoxxhra2sqlQopqqur8bi7u4tqkK64uPjo6Ag3VqsVGoKSUUpXVxdUNTg4iBN8CyMY DGKMLpfLbreHuJuSkrK6uoqX5+fnaFpBQUFoP5fLPTk5gSygD71en5mZ+QVGIBBoa2sDkWAt 4R785zXCjwWPMBgM6Bj8e3Z2FtqKiAEr7u/vn5ycFAgE4Ym+DKiktLS0o6Ojvr4eXv4OA96C /kxMTGxsbGxtbWVnZ/8CgAjw8PDwcGhoqKamBuZIuNYLBprb2NhYV1eHOpKTk38NQAQywIq2 t7dbW1tR1hsGzBzkoVKpWIjLf/Du7g76RxHg+htGYWGh0+nE/xxeGzsAEXQ6/fT0NC8vjxSa OWYwPj4eL4AP8QxSIji/brkqGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== Key words: vacuum aging, Brahman, beef, electrical stimulation, shear force, eating quality, beef tenderness. Departamento de Zootecnia, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia, iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAjCAIAAABUyb6fAAAFzklEQVR4nN2YW2wUVRiAzz8z e2+7l7J1abu7QrkUDJciBQGhIRGjITE+yKNGEmLkhT4ZG3kwMcFbeNLEF58IiSaEGKKgxAdU QELxkgItbdruLrCl7dLt3mZvszNzjmdmZ9stl850V9H4p01m5sz8/3f+c/7LWY4Qgv6rwv3b AIvJ/xOObgaousUE4fJDUJ4zC0efLBwhGAEuyZlY+vpM7iZfiOTEBCZFBiw2k8dpDXoc633O LVbWjYBVMZknBEeQnC6GhmOnJ5MXS4hXHigu03yZEUenc9fQLMcRR7ure23LaxQU4B+GU+Ma izhzY+JEOHFOQvnKyqkrObeOhFOvsAz8nfRP0dSVoHvfZv8hK+dRh5dAaRyOAMjJQvhK6Bj1 DbUBD267RwuGfCR1JpYd2LWyr9m+AQAb5zMIR72GZ/PDl8ePFvCsqh2rz3XhSBklL0V/Hn3v +ZXv+5xbHwqmeuFQpnT7UvhoEcfLellia3PvTuXG02IEjFkqoeTlyAd713zosVH/ISN8huAk XOgPfVqQZuc4gs0vbAu+kyyMnh8+jEAyYgkQI5LU1fDxfZ2fmTmXEbv6cITIo7FTieJNgHmC VD6UFaLT6T+RsodooIK6WNoXoN0+gjgjhgenTnT5jxjxtw4cTRJFaWYk9g2BBboSxZFzQ2+q OVeBAxrI9AKgQogf60vCjMW/X9XySqNlhS6fDhy1Fon/KJAEWuAbZDf5NvkO3s8NhhLf0qed LQfc1tVIS3cUUy6KydncrRg/gAlPqhlAxig7fv9cl/+wrnVdz8m3Exe0yyqxsM7gshepf0KJ 7+jQ8obtPuc2Wct8REm5xESdlBcnB6JfRvkLVY5UJjmRvLix7SDHNNQDR7LCVEa4S6f7UHJa 4Ei1REg/3DiSEyfoAMuYHVZve9PuNb5Xd3Yc/e1OUzhxpipRQ06aTuXDyxo21gxHazlJ5sYI KiLCqtVpsWnQP8zkCZtXygjKJ4VEamZkMn2lZ+1HtDzc5wd46fb88gJO5sfqgVMyLS9EkVIW DTakVdZVTyeFW0P3Tm4J9K7y7h+Y+qJqFGeKUV11j4Uj6r8g8obJHiEY4G7q8ubA297GzTDJ EmV7aLpFmdctFbp5rq4mnga7KPGynLeb3aotufLYkFqdgDBxjnlDtYAyLGtlGGtJSBGNTFFL FXGMXbeuPBZOmR1Ao6VNya9QGxkV7GvqZsEWz44QkCosDA1/qln340U8pxC57B2AOIJEvWyu jBIlosncLRUz07Jh+esYCaH42aqXaRpgnfZV9cApNpw2v8Pky0kTuoooGUMwVvs8hjBArF7H uq7AW42W9uGpr5OFwar6RyyMp9lRLxwVS8DVMzzz1QN5Tq305XJQboQpG7c98K5ESkoSBovD 5qUljqDS4PSJodhJAtWBCW2unRyrUx704ajVjpaXxuJnJJRbAEeEnHBPkOJE4UIF2iOLM422 1gq6VCylorOXIonz6VKYaH2KphKIqaNlP51CvXB08zaYAx3NL4/GT1fX75QQPnvrYLkwMIRc u3tcq2+kAk8LDIgqjLLg1fPyu3qa7ev/nmYTgHum9Q1aiHhl52lm1OgVkXa2gfK1NjD3obbu CyBsjLer7RAYa3INvWRmPd0r+n4Z75NJrubTMnUgS6zdT/faLK0GPzEERwPN27DpuWBff+SY BEJtcAw2P+vvbW3aY/DMYRROUY1Yv7uHZS1XI5+UtGOOERv0HZmGtgmc24K9Afc+WIrfDcKV dw/b2riDHk/+uPN5LPt7pYovLjRSzV77hq3BI25bx1J/Q1nCiV8tYmyTZUXP6o/vpX4dnj6V LAzJIDFKqoD5cwPIRAlPlu4xl3Vl51MHgp69DNiMH1drgZsTBsx+15521w7azU6k+mdy1/li VJCzNOXSMDQzTU2Wdk9DZ5tzV7NjDSBTZSmXHEm1/gQGtExZ3Y51bsd6tWeWJDmPaS8MLN2X DDJXks6SvVUtfwHs1XPT2ljQsQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== Maracaibo, Venezuela. Argenis Rodas­González iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACEAAAAWCAIAAADB+WItAAADEElEQVR4nK1VS0hqURQ1sZKg aFIgKEVFGFJvYloY9i8IJaggC7JyIAU1KBEhpdCwD/RG0RdSIhyUomkf6ENgGYSDQAIdNNHS mjaqwKJW3fC9Mu2jGy7ce8+5e52991rrUp6enkgkks/nW1hY8Hq9pDgFg8GQSqW5ubm4p+A6 Ozvj8/kcDqe8vJxCocQOcHt7u76+Pjc3d3BwwGazXzIODw8/PDz09fUJhcLYAYhITEwcHR1V KpU7OzsvGB6Px2Kx4Pn6+hoFxpj98fFxYGDg4uJCp9MpFAoS0SuMJCcnZ29vr6Wl5fLyUqPR JCQk/A7g/v5eLBanp6ebTCaHw0EM+1/309LSNjc3u7u7JRLJ4uIiiv0pwM3NTVNTU1lZmVqt /v+U7yaclJS0srIil8sxGKPRmJqa+n0Av9+Pr9Dq3t7eD0sfWUQmk/++RlVVlc1mo9Fo3wFw u92oQKvVNjc3h69+zlSZTIbslZWVoCCTyYwOcHx83NnZubS0BOp/uiGiGtrb2zMyMhoaGtA9 Ho8XaRsOgd6azeaioqJIe6Iprra2FvQA2aamptCK8A3z8/MzMzP7+/tZWVlR8nyh6vz8fBaL BbJdXV1BpKH3IOXIyMj09HRFRQWYGj1JNAxoUyQSoQ70GnWAOWNjYyAFTKGnpweocDkYRklJ yfLyMqzoxxhra2sqlQopqqur8bi7u4tqkK64uPjo6Ag3VqsVGoKSUUpXVxdUNTg4iBN8CyMY DGKMLpfLbreHuJuSkrK6uoqX5+fnaFpBQUFoP5fLPTk5gSygD71en5mZ+QVGIBBoa2sDkWAt 4R785zXCjwWPMBgM6Bj8e3Z2FtqKiAEr7u/vn5ycFAgE4Ym+DKiktLS0o6Ojvr4eXv4OA96C /kxMTGxsbGxtbWVnZ/8CgAjw8PDwcGhoqKamBuZIuNYLBprb2NhYV1eHOpKTk38NQAQywIq2 t7dbW1tR1hsGzBzkoVKpWIjLf/Du7g76RxHg+htGYWGh0+nE/xxeGzsAEXQ6/fT0NC8vjxSa OWYwPj4eL4AP8QxSIji/brkqGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAjCAIAAABUyb6fAAAFzklEQVR4nN2YW2wUVRiAzz8z e2+7l7J1abu7QrkUDJciBQGhIRGjITE+yKNGEmLkhT4ZG3kwMcFbeNLEF58IiSaEGKKgxAdU QELxkgItbdruLrCl7dLt3mZvszNzjmdmZ9stl850V9H4p01m5sz8/3f+c/7LWY4Qgv6rwv3b AIvJ/xOObgaousUE4fJDUJ4zC0efLBwhGAEuyZlY+vpM7iZfiOTEBCZFBiw2k8dpDXoc633O LVbWjYBVMZknBEeQnC6GhmOnJ5MXS4hXHigu03yZEUenc9fQLMcRR7ure23LaxQU4B+GU+Ma izhzY+JEOHFOQvnKyqkrObeOhFOvsAz8nfRP0dSVoHvfZv8hK+dRh5dAaRyOAMjJQvhK6Bj1 DbUBD267RwuGfCR1JpYd2LWyr9m+AQAb5zMIR72GZ/PDl8ePFvCsqh2rz3XhSBklL0V/Hn3v +ZXv+5xbHwqmeuFQpnT7UvhoEcfLellia3PvTuXG02IEjFkqoeTlyAd713zosVH/ISN8huAk XOgPfVqQZuc4gs0vbAu+kyyMnh8+jEAyYgkQI5LU1fDxfZ2fmTmXEbv6cITIo7FTieJNgHmC VD6UFaLT6T+RsodooIK6WNoXoN0+gjgjhgenTnT5jxjxtw4cTRJFaWYk9g2BBboSxZFzQ2+q OVeBAxrI9AKgQogf60vCjMW/X9XySqNlhS6fDhy1Fon/KJAEWuAbZDf5NvkO3s8NhhLf0qed LQfc1tVIS3cUUy6KydncrRg/gAlPqhlAxig7fv9cl/+wrnVdz8m3Exe0yyqxsM7gshepf0KJ 7+jQ8obtPuc2Wct8REm5xESdlBcnB6JfRvkLVY5UJjmRvLix7SDHNNQDR7LCVEa4S6f7UHJa 4Ei1REg/3DiSEyfoAMuYHVZve9PuNb5Xd3Yc/e1OUzhxpipRQ06aTuXDyxo21gxHazlJ5sYI KiLCqtVpsWnQP8zkCZtXygjKJ4VEamZkMn2lZ+1HtDzc5wd46fb88gJO5sfqgVMyLS9EkVIW DTakVdZVTyeFW0P3Tm4J9K7y7h+Y+qJqFGeKUV11j4Uj6r8g8obJHiEY4G7q8ubA297GzTDJ EmV7aLpFmdctFbp5rq4mnga7KPGynLeb3aotufLYkFqdgDBxjnlDtYAyLGtlGGtJSBGNTFFL FXGMXbeuPBZOmR1Ao6VNya9QGxkV7GvqZsEWz44QkCosDA1/qln340U8pxC57B2AOIJEvWyu jBIlosncLRUz07Jh+esYCaH42aqXaRpgnfZV9cApNpw2v8Pky0kTuoooGUMwVvs8hjBArF7H uq7AW42W9uGpr5OFwar6RyyMp9lRLxwVS8DVMzzz1QN5Tq305XJQboQpG7c98K5ESkoSBovD 5qUljqDS4PSJodhJAtWBCW2unRyrUx704ajVjpaXxuJnJJRbAEeEnHBPkOJE4UIF2iOLM422 1gq6VCylorOXIonz6VKYaH2KphKIqaNlP51CvXB08zaYAx3NL4/GT1fX75QQPnvrYLkwMIRc u3tcq2+kAk8LDIgqjLLg1fPyu3qa7ev/nmYTgHum9Q1aiHhl52lm1OgVkXa2gfK1NjD3obbu CyBsjLer7RAYa3INvWRmPd0r+n4Z75NJrubTMnUgS6zdT/faLK0GPzEERwPN27DpuWBff+SY BEJtcAw2P+vvbW3aY/DMYRROUY1Yv7uHZS1XI5+UtGOOERv0HZmGtgmc24K9Afc+WIrfDcKV dw/b2riDHk/+uPN5LPt7pYovLjRSzV77hq3BI25bx1J/Q1nCiV8tYmyTZUXP6o/vpX4dnj6V LAzJIDFKqoD5cwPIRAlPlu4xl3Vl51MHgp69DNiMH1drgZsTBsx+15521w7azU6k+mdy1/li VJCzNOXSMDQzTU2Wdk9DZ5tzV7NjDSBTZSmXHEm1/gQGtExZ3Y51bsd6tWeWJDmPaS8MLN2X DDJXks6SvVUtfwHs1XPT2ljQsQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== 4 Margarita Arispe­Zubillaga iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACEAAAAWCAIAAADB+WItAAADEElEQVR4nK1VS0hqURQ1sZKg aFIgKEVFGFJvYloY9i8IJaggC7JyIAU1KBEhpdCwD/RG0RdSIhyUomkf6ENgGYSDQAIdNNHS mjaqwKJW3fC9Mu2jGy7ce8+5e52991rrUp6enkgkks/nW1hY8Hq9pDgFg8GQSqW5ubm4p+A6 Ozvj8/kcDqe8vJxCocQOcHt7u76+Pjc3d3BwwGazXzIODw8/PDz09fUJhcLYAYhITEwcHR1V KpU7OzsvGB6Px2Kx4Pn6+hoFxpj98fFxYGDg4uJCp9MpFAoS0SuMJCcnZ29vr6Wl5fLyUqPR JCQk/A7g/v5eLBanp6ebTCaHw0EM+1/309LSNjc3u7u7JRLJ4uIiiv0pwM3NTVNTU1lZmVqt /v+U7yaclJS0srIil8sxGKPRmJqa+n0Av9+Pr9Dq3t7eD0sfWUQmk/++RlVVlc1mo9Fo3wFw u92oQKvVNjc3h69+zlSZTIbslZWVoCCTyYwOcHx83NnZubS0BOp/uiGiGtrb2zMyMhoaGtA9 Ho8XaRsOgd6azeaioqJIe6Iprra2FvQA2aamptCK8A3z8/MzMzP7+/tZWVlR8nyh6vz8fBaL BbJdXV1BpKH3IOXIyMj09HRFRQWYGj1JNAxoUyQSoQ70GnWAOWNjYyAFTKGnpweocDkYRklJ yfLyMqzoxxhra2sqlQopqqur8bi7u4tqkK64uPjo6Ag3VqsVGoKSUUpXVxdUNTg4iBN8CyMY DGKMLpfLbreHuJuSkrK6uoqX5+fnaFpBQUFoP5fLPTk5gSygD71en5mZ+QVGIBBoa2sDkWAt 4R785zXCjwWPMBgM6Bj8e3Z2FtqKiAEr7u/vn5ycFAgE4Ym+DKiktLS0o6Ojvr4eXv4OA96C /kxMTGxsbGxtbWVnZ/8CgAjw8PDwcGhoqKamBuZIuNYLBprb2NhYV1eHOpKTk38NQAQywIq2 t7dbW1tR1hsGzBzkoVKpWIjLf/Du7g76RxHg+htGYWGh0+nE/xxeGzsAEXQ6/fT0NC8vjxSa OWYwPj4eL4AP8QxSIji/brkqGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== 5 Evaluación del impacto de cruzamientos Bos taurus x Bos indicus y tecnologías postmortem sobre la calidad gustativa de lomos de toros jóvenes terminados a pasto Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de cruzamientos interraciales y tecnologías postmortem sobre la calidad gustativa de lomos de toros terminados a pasto. Cincuenta toros añosos representando cinco tipos raciales (n = 10 cada uno): Brahman puro (BRAH), F1­Angus (F1ANG), F1­Chianina (F1CHI), F1­Romosinuano (F1ROM) y F1­Simmental (F1SIM) se suplementaron a pastoreo hasta alcanzar una conformación satisfactoria a un peso vivo de ca. 480 kg. Todas las canales se clasificaron como “Bullocks” (Toretes) por la norma estadounidense. Los lados derechos de cada canal se sometieron a estimulación eléctrica de alto voltaje (ES) mientras que los lados izquierdos no fueron estimulados (NOES). Bistés de longissimus lumborum ES y NOES se asignaron a tratamientos de maduración al vacío por 2 d (NOMADURADOS) ó 10 d (MADURADOS). Los bistés se evaluaron para fuerza de corte Warner­Bratzler (FCWB) y rasgos sensoriales calificados por panelistas capacitados. No se detectaron diferencias en valores FCWB, o calificaciones para jugosidad o intensidad de sabor entre tipos raciales (P > 0.05). Los rasgos relacionados con terneza variaron con el tipo racial (P < 0.05). Los bistecs de F1ANG recibieron calificaciones más altas para terneza de fibra muscular, terneza general y cantidad de tejido conectivo que de los F1ROM y F1SIM (P < 0.05), de calificaciones más bajas. Los bistés ES+MADURADOS tuvieron menor FCWB y mayores calificaciones para rasgos asociados con la terneza que los ES ó los MADURADOS (P < 0.05), alcanzando una mayor proporción (72 %) de "bistés tiernos" (FCWB < 40.1 N) que la de MADURADOS (48 %), ES (36 %) y Nancy Jerez­Timaure iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACEAAAAWCAIAAADB+WItAAADEElEQVR4nK1VS0hqURQ1sZKg aFIgKEVFGFJvYloY9i8IJaggC7JyIAU1KBEhpdCwD/RG0RdSIhyUomkf6ENgGYSDQAIdNNHS mjaqwKJW3fC9Mu2jGy7ce8+5e52991rrUp6enkgkks/nW1hY8Hq9pDgFg8GQSqW5ubm4p+A6 Ozvj8/kcDqe8vJxCocQOcHt7u76+Pjc3d3BwwGazXzIODw8/PDz09fUJhcLYAYhITEwcHR1V KpU7OzsvGB6Px2Kx4Pn6+hoFxpj98fFxYGDg4uJCp9MpFAoS0SuMJCcnZ29vr6Wl5fLyUqPR JCQk/A7g/v5eLBanp6ebTCaHw0EM+1/309LSNjc3u7u7JRLJ4uIiiv0pwM3NTVNTU1lZmVqt /v+U7yaclJS0srIil8sxGKPRmJqa+n0Av9+Pr9Dq3t7eD0sfWUQmk/++RlVVlc1mo9Fo3wFw u92oQKvVNjc3h69+zlSZTIbslZWVoCCTyYwOcHx83NnZubS0BOp/uiGiGtrb2zMyMhoaGtA9 Ho8XaRsOgd6azeaioqJIe6Iprra2FvQA2aamptCK8A3z8/MzMzP7+/tZWVlR8nyh6vz8fBaL BbJdXV1BpKH3IOXIyMj09HRFRQWYGj1JNAxoUyQSoQ70GnWAOWNjYyAFTKGnpweocDkYRklJ yfLyMqzoxxhra2sqlQopqqur8bi7u4tqkK64uPjo6Ag3VqsVGoKSUUpXVxdUNTg4iBN8CyMY DGKMLpfLbreHuJuSkrK6uoqX5+fnaFpBQUFoP5fLPTk5gSygD71en5mZ+QVGIBBoa2sDkWAt 4R785zXCjwWPMBgM6Bj8e3Z2FtqKiAEr7u/vn5ycFAgE4Ym+DKiktLS0o6Ojvr4eXv4OA96C /kxMTGxsbGxtbWVnZ/8CgAjw8PDwcGhoqKamBuZIuNYLBprb2NhYV1eHOpKTk38NQAQywIq2 t7dbW1tR1hsGzBzkoVKpWIjLf/Du7g76RxHg+htGYWGh0+nE/xxeGzsAEXQ6/fT0NC8vjxSa OWYwPj4eL4AP8QxSIji/brkqGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAjCAIAAABUyb6fAAAFzklEQVR4nN2YW2wUVRiAzz8z e2+7l7J1abu7QrkUDJciBQGhIRGjITE+yKNGEmLkhT4ZG3kwMcFbeNLEF58IiSaEGKKgxAdU QELxkgItbdruLrCl7dLt3mZvszNzjmdmZ9stl850V9H4p01m5sz8/3f+c/7LWY4Qgv6rwv3b AIvJ/xOObgaousUE4fJDUJ4zC0efLBwhGAEuyZlY+vpM7iZfiOTEBCZFBiw2k8dpDXoc633O LVbWjYBVMZknBEeQnC6GhmOnJ5MXS4hXHigu03yZEUenc9fQLMcRR7ure23LaxQU4B+GU+Ma izhzY+JEOHFOQvnKyqkrObeOhFOvsAz8nfRP0dSVoHvfZv8hK+dRh5dAaRyOAMjJQvhK6Bj1 DbUBD267RwuGfCR1JpYd2LWyr9m+AQAb5zMIR72GZ/PDl8ePFvCsqh2rz3XhSBklL0V/Hn3v +ZXv+5xbHwqmeuFQpnT7UvhoEcfLellia3PvTuXG02IEjFkqoeTlyAd713zosVH/ISN8huAk XOgPfVqQZuc4gs0vbAu+kyyMnh8+jEAyYgkQI5LU1fDxfZ2fmTmXEbv6cITIo7FTieJNgHmC VD6UFaLT6T+RsodooIK6WNoXoN0+gjgjhgenTnT5jxjxtw4cTRJFaWYk9g2BBboSxZFzQ2+q OVeBAxrI9AKgQogf60vCjMW/X9XySqNlhS6fDhy1Fon/KJAEWuAbZDf5NvkO3s8NhhLf0qed LQfc1tVIS3cUUy6KydncrRg/gAlPqhlAxig7fv9cl/+wrnVdz8m3Exe0yyqxsM7gshepf0KJ 7+jQ8obtPuc2Wct8REm5xESdlBcnB6JfRvkLVY5UJjmRvLix7SDHNNQDR7LCVEa4S6f7UHJa 4Ei1REg/3DiSEyfoAMuYHVZve9PuNb5Xd3Yc/e1OUzhxpipRQ06aTuXDyxo21gxHazlJ5sYI KiLCqtVpsWnQP8zkCZtXygjKJ4VEamZkMn2lZ+1HtDzc5wd46fb88gJO5sfqgVMyLS9EkVIW DTakVdZVTyeFW0P3Tm4J9K7y7h+Y+qJqFGeKUV11j4Uj6r8g8obJHiEY4G7q8ubA297GzTDJ EmV7aLpFmdctFbp5rq4mnga7KPGynLeb3aotufLYkFqdgDBxjnlDtYAyLGtlGGtJSBGNTFFL FXGMXbeuPBZOmR1Ao6VNya9QGxkV7GvqZsEWz44QkCosDA1/qln340U8pxC57B2AOIJEvWyu jBIlosncLRUz07Jh+esYCaH42aqXaRpgnfZV9cApNpw2v8Pky0kTuoooGUMwVvs8hjBArF7H uq7AW42W9uGpr5OFwar6RyyMp9lRLxwVS8DVMzzz1QN5Tq305XJQboQpG7c98K5ESkoSBovD 5qUljqDS4PSJodhJAtWBCW2unRyrUx704ajVjpaXxuJnJJRbAEeEnHBPkOJE4UIF2iOLM422 1gq6VCylorOXIonz6VKYaH2KphKIqaNlP51CvXB08zaYAx3NL4/GT1fX75QQPnvrYLkwMIRc u3tcq2+kAk8LDIgqjLLg1fPyu3qa7ev/nmYTgHum9Q1aiHhl52lm1OgVkXa2gfK1NjD3obbu CyBsjLer7RAYa3INvWRmPd0r+n4Z75NJrubTMnUgS6zdT/faLK0GPzEERwPN27DpuWBff+SY BEJtcAw2P+vvbW3aY/DMYRROUY1Yv7uHZS1XI5+UtGOOERv0HZmGtgmc24K9Afc+WIrfDcKV dw/b2riDHk/+uPN5LPt7pYovLjRSzV77hq3BI25bx1J/Q1nCiV8tYmyTZUXP6o/vpX4dnj6V LAzJIDFKqoD5cwPIRAlPlu4xl3Vl51MHgp69DNiMH1drgZsTBsx+15521w7azU6k+mdy1/li VJCzNOXSMDQzTU2Wdk9DZ5tzV7NjDSBTZSmXHEm1/gQGtExZ3Y51bsd6tWeWJDmPaS8MLN2X DDJXks6SvVUtfwHs1XPT2ljQsQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg== 6 www.doi.org/10.53588/alpa.300310 264 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= Riera et al. Beef cattle in Venezuela are mostly fed on pasture, have a strong Bos indicus (Zebu) influence and most males are left uncastrated (bulls/bullocks) for beef production (Rodas­González et al., 2009; Huerta­ Leidenz et al., 2020). These production practices have detrimental effects on meat palatability, particularly tenderness (Pereira et al., 2015). Bos taurus x Bos indicus crossbreeding is alleged to benefit the quality of beef carcass and meats, but most studies supporting this claim have been carried out with feedlot­finished steers in North America (Riley et al., 2012). In South America, there is inconsistent evidence of crossbreeding benefits on the meat quality of Brahman­influenced bulls under grass­feeding conditions (Jerez­Timaure et al., 2009; Gama et al., 2013). Several antemortem factors encompass critical quality points that may escape from the control of the beef processing industry, and thus, the application of postmortem technologies such as carcass electrostimulation (ES) and vacuum aging of meat, could be an alternative to improve its tenderness and other sensory traits. According to the Venezuelan Association of Meatpacking Plants (ASOFRIGO), most beef carcasses are sold within 3­5 d postmortem (Rivas, F., personal communication), without further extended aging or the application of any other postmortem technology (Rodas­González et al., 2009). The use of ES and vacuum aging in meat from Zebu­influenced, grass­finished bullocks/bulls has not been extensively evaluated in Tropical America (Huerta­Leidenz et al., 1997; Rodas­González et al., 2007). Improvement of tenderness by meat aging involves several proteolytic systems responsible for the degradation of muscle proteins (Sami et al., 2015). Generally, the tenderness of beef improves significantly over the aging period in a muscle­specific manner (Nair et al., 2019). In two previous studies (Riera et al., 2004; Riera et al., 2021), bulls of five Brahman­influenced types were finished on cultivated pastures and compared in growth and carcass traits. In the present study, the same groups of bull carcasses were used to (a) compare the eating quality of loins among the five Brahman­influenced types, and (b) examine the degree of improvement in eating quality with the individual or combined application of ES and vacuum aging. Introduction Avaliação do impacto dos cruzamentos Bos taurus x Bos indicus e tecnologias post mortem na qualidade gustativa de lombos de novilhos terminados a pasto Resumo. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de cruzamentos interraciais e tecnologias postmortem na qualidade do sabor de lombos de touros terminados a pasto. Cinquenta touros envelhecidos, representando cinco tipos de raça (n = 10 cada): Brahman puro (BRAH), F1­Angus (F1ANG), F1­Chianina (F1CHI), F1­Romosinuano (F1ROM) e F1­Simmental (F1SIM) foram suplementadoscom pasto até atingir uma conformação satisfatória com um peso vivo de ca. 480kg. Todas as carcaças foram classificadas como “Boi” (Toretes) pela norma americana. Os lados direitos de cada canal foram submetidos à estimulação elétrica de alta voltagem (ES), enquanto os lados esquerdos não foram estimulados (NÃO­ES). Bifes de longissimus lumborum ES e NÃO­ES foram submetidos a tratamentos de maturação a vácuo por 2 d (NÃO­MATURADOS) ou 10 d (MATURADOS). Os bifes foram avaliados quanto à resistência ao cisalhamento Warner­Bratzler (FCWB) e características sensoriais avaliadas por provadores treinados. Não foram detectadas diferenças nos valores de FCWB, ou classificações de suculência ou intensidade de sabor entre os tipos de raça (P > 0.05). As características relacionadas à ternura variaram com a raça (P < 0.05). Os bifes F1ANG receberam pontuações mais altas para maciez da fibra muscular, maciez geral e quantidade de tecido conjuntivo que os do F1ROM e F1SIM (P < 0.05), que receberam as pontuações mais baixas. Os bifes ES + MATURADOS apresentaram menor FCWB e maiores classificações para características associadas à maciez do que os bifes ES ou MATURADOS (P < 0.05), atingindo uma proporção maior (72 %) de "bifes macios" (FCWB < 40.1 N) do que os bifes MATURADOS (48 %), ES (36 %) e NÃO­ ES­ NÃO­MATURADO (24 %) (P < 0.01). A melhora na maciez dos lombos de touros Brahman pelo cruzamento com raças taurinas foi marginal; portanto, recomenda­se o tratamento combinado de ES e envelhecimento a vácuo para garantir uma maior proporção de bifes macios. Palavras­chave: bovinos, Brahman, estimulação elétrica, maturação a vácuo, qualidade sensorial, maciez da carne. NOMADURADOS (24 %) (P < 0.01). La mejora en terneza de lomos de toretes Brahman mediante cruzamiento con razas taurinas es marginal. Por tanto, se recomienda aplicar el tratamiento combinado de ES y maduración al vacío para asegurar una proporción mayor de bistés tiernos. Palabras clave: bovino, Brahman, estimulación eléctrica, maduración al vacío, calidad sensorial, terneza de la carne. ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 265 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= Crossbreeding and technologies effects on bull meat quality Animal management Details on animal breeding, selection, and management during the experiment were described by Riera­Sigala et al. (2004). Briefly, 50 bull calves were randomly selected from a larger group of 91 (Brahman and its F1 crosses) obtained by artificial insemination to represent five breed types (n = 10 per breed type): Purebred Brahman (BRAH), Angus x BRAH (F1ANG), Chianina x BRAH (F1CHI), Romosinuano x BRAH (F1ROM), Simmental x BRAH (F1SIM). For the finishing phase, all the 50 yearling bulls (ca. 23 mo. of age) entered the selected grazing area as a single group to be fattened on cultivated pasture predominantly planted with tanner grass (Brachiaria radicans). Paddocks were managed on a rotational schedule of 28 days with seven­day occupation and 21­day rest intervals resulting in a stocking rate of 2.4 animals per ha. During the dry season, the bulls were supplemented on pasture. Detailed information about the ingredient composition and bromatological analysis of the forage and supplement was reported by Riera­Sigala et al. (2004). The supplementation strategy consisted of feeding a supplement (4 kg/d/animal) offered in mobile feeders. Animals were sent to harvest when reaching a desirable conformation at a suitable final weight of ca. 480 kg. The first lot of finished young bulls (n = 20) was sent for harvest after completing 99 days of pasture feeding (DOPF), the second (n = 20) at 121 DOPF, and the last one (n = 10) at 149 DOPF. Age at harvest (mean ± standard deviation) for the lots of finished bulls on harvest d 1, harvest d 2, and harvest d 3 were 25 ± 0.44, 27.25 ± 0.55, and 27.70 ± 0.67 mo. respectively. Livestock handling and weight measurements as well as slaughter and dressing procedures were performed in compliance with the criteria for animal care and welfare described in the Bioethics and Biosafety guide of the Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Innovación y Tecnología of Venezuela (FONACIT, 2002) (Project Protocol CONDES­LUZ # CC­0390­04). The postmortem inspection followed the Venezuelan industry standards (COVENIN, 1983). Postmortem treatments and carcass evaluation Approximately 20 min postmortem, after carcass evisceration, the carcass’ right side was subjected to high­voltage electric stimulation (ES). The ES was carried out with a Lectro­tender TM apparatus (Le­ Fiell Company Inc. Reno, NV, USA), applying 12 electrical pulses in 41.4 s (1.8­s of duration, with 1.8­s of intervals between pulses) of 550 Volts and 60 Hertz of alternating current of 1 to 2 amps. The left carcass side was not electrically stimulated (NOES). All carcass sides were weighed and loaded into a cooler on rails spaced at about 30 cm for heat­dissipation with intermittent spray chilling for approximately 6 h with an air temperature of 0­2 ºC (average 1 ºC), relative humidity of 95 %, and an average air velocity over the carcass at about 3 ­ 4 m/s. Thereafter, the carcass sides were transferred to storage chillers at an average air temperature of 4 ºC, relative humidity of 80 ­ 85 %, and an average air velocity of 1 m/s until carcass evaluation and fabrication at ca. 48 h postmortem. The carcass pH range and average carcass temperature just before fabrication were 5.6 ­ 5.8 and ca. 7 °C, respectively. The carcass data collection was described in detail by Riera­Sigala et al. (2004, 2021). In brief, two experienced judges assigned scores for carcass conformation, fat cover amount (finish), and adipose maturity according to Decreto 1896 (1997). Ribeye area, backfat thickness, marbling level, skeletal and lean maturities were evaluated following the guidelines of the USDA (2017). Chilled carcasses were then reduced to subprimal/retail cuts according to the standard fabrication procedures (Montero et al., 2014). A 20 cm length portion was removed from the rib­loin interface (12­13th rib) towards the caudal portion of the longissimus lumborum muscle (LL), from which eight 2.5 cm thick steaks were obtained. Each steak was allocated to each of the two (2­d or 10­d) aging treatments and vacuum packaged. Anatomical position bias was avoided by alternating analysis designations and by rotating ES or aging treatments. The ES and NOES steaks assigned to the 2­d aging control group (NOAGING) were immediately frozen (­ 30 °C) and stored for further analysis. The remaining steaks were assigned to the 10­d aging treatment (AGING) and stored in a cooler where the temperature was maintained thermostatically between 2 °C to 4 °C. At the end of the 10­d aging period, the aged steaks were frozen (­30 °C) and stored for later analysis. Culinary, shear force tests, and sensory evaluation Sample preparation, cooking procedure, sensory evaluation, and Warner­ Bratzler shear force (WBSF) protocols were followed according to the American Meat Science Association (AMSA) guidelines (AMSA, 2016). A Sunbeam­Oster® open electric grill (Sunbeam­Oster Co. Inc., Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA) was used for steak cooking. Once the steaks reached Materials and Methods ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 266 Table 1. Distribution of harvest­ready bulls by breed type and harvest day 1,2 1 Sourced and adapted from Riera Sigala et al. (2004). 2 Chi­square analysis indicated the frequency distribution per harvest day was not different among breed types (P = 0.06). 3 Purebred Brahman (BRAH), F1­Angus (F1ANG), F1­Chianina (F1CHI), F1­Romosinuano (F1ROM) and F1­Simmental F1SIM). 4 Harvest day corresponds to the processing day of lots of finished bulls after completing the grazing period (number of days on pasture) required to reach a desirable conformation at a suitable final weight of ca. 480 kg (Harvest d 1 = after 99 d on pasture; Harvest d 2 = after 121 d on pasture; Harvest d 3= after 149 d on pasture). Harvest day 4 Breed type 3 BRAH F1ANG F1CHI F1ROM F1SIM Total 1 0 5 6 3 6 20 2 6 3 3 6 2 20 3 4 2 1 1 2 10 Total 10 10 10 10 10 50 Frequency distribution of the number of bulls harvested per breed type and harvest day The distribution of harvest­ready bulls by breed type and successive harvest days is presented in Table 1. No significant differences in frequency distributions within the harvest days were detected (P = 0.06) among breed types. Characterization of the bull samples Descriptive statistics for traits of the bull sample are presented in Table 2. The chronological age for all the 50 harvest bulls was less than 30 months. The highest variation (CV = 47 %) in carcass traits was observed for backfat thickness (within a narrow range of values: 0­3 mm). As expected, the discrete variables related to carcass fatness such as external fat cover (i.e., finish score; “very abundant to devoid”; CV = 27 %) and marbling scores (“small” to “traces”; CV = 8.91 %) did not vary as much. Results the internal temperature of 70 ºC, they were removed from the grill and cooled down at room temperature. Six to ten core samples (1.27 cm in diameter) were removed parallel to the muscle fiber orientation. The shear force measurements were performed using a Warner­Bratzler shear machine (G­R Elec. Mfg. Co, Manhattan, KS). For sensory evaluation, 8 to 15 cubed samples (≈1.27 cm 3 in size) were obtained from each steak. Cubed samples from each experimental unit were placed on pre­coded discardable, cardboard plates and kept warm in a preheated oven (at 50 ºC) for 7 min before serving them to the panelists. The trained sensory panel was composed of eight trained panelists. The panelists’ selection process and training had been accomplished according to Huerta­Leidenz et al. (1996). Two samples were taken from each steak and served warm to each panelist. All samples were evaluated during 10 d by the trained panelists, who were served alternating samples from different breed types and postmortem treatments. Panelists scored the samples, using an 8­point structured rating scale for juiciness, muscle fiber tenderness, overall tenderness, amount of connective tissue, and flavor intensity following AMSA guidelines (AMSA, 2016). Statistical analyses Data collected were analyzed using SAS, Version 9.4 (SAS, 2012). Simple descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values, and coefficient of variation) for final live weight, age at harvest, and carcass traits were calculated (PROC MEANS) to characterize the experimental group. The statistical model used for analyzing the sensory and WBSF data was a completely randomized design with a split­plot arrangement using PROC MIXED. Breed type was in the whole­plot portion and postmortem treatment was assigned in the subplot. Breed type, postmortem treatment, and their interactions were considered fixed effects. The individual carcass and the harvest date within postmortem treatment were used as random effects in the model. The least­square means were separated (F test, P < 0.05) using the least significant differences generated through the PDIFF option. Chi­square (χ 2 ) analysis (Fisher’s exact test) was used to test differences in frequencies of harvested bulls among breed types within the three harvest days. Also, the Fisher’s exact test was used for testing differences for breed type x postmortem treatment to describe the proportion of tender steaks according to the threshold values for tenderness classes (Tender: WBSF < 37.98 N and Tough: WBSF > 37.98 N) developed by Rodas­González et al. (2009). Riera et al. ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 267 Crossbreeding and technologies effects on bull meat quality Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the group of Brahman­influenced young bulls Trait Mean Minimum Maximum Standard deviation Coefficient of variation value value Age at harvest, mo. 27.14 26 28 0.64 2.35 Live weight, kg 479.04 464.00 520.00 11.08 2.31 Carcass weight, kg 267.68 248.00 465.00 29.91 11.17 Finish score a 2.76 1.00 5.00 0.74 26.95 Ribeye area, cm 2 72.39 56.77 89.03 7.43 10.26 Backfat thickness, mm 1.44 0.0 3.00 0.67 46.86 Conformation score b 1.78 1.00 3.00 0.50 28.46 Marbling c 4.88 3.00 5.00 0.43 8.91 Adipose maturity d 2.80 2.00 3.00 0.40 14.43 Skeletal maturity e 162.60 130.00 190.00 13.21 8.12 Lean maturity e 154.00 120.00 180.00 16.03 10.41 a 1=Extremely abundant, 2=Abundant, 3=Medium, 4=Slight, 5=Scarce (Decreto No.1896, 1997); b 1=Very convex, 2=Convex, 3=Rectilinear, 4 =Concave, 5=Very concave Decreto No.1896, 1997); c 1=Abundant, 2=Moderate, 3=Small, 4=Slight, 5=Traces, 6=Practically devoid (USDA, 2017); d 1=Ivory white, 2=Creamy white, 3=Light yellow, 4=Intense yellow, 5=Orange (Decreto No.1896, 1997); e 100–199 maturity range score represents the youngest group: 100=A00 and 199 =A99; 200–299 represent carcasses with intermediate, more advanced maturity: 200=B00 and 299=B99 (USDA, 2017). Total number of observations = 50. Table 3. Effects of breed type and postmortem treatment on Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and sensory traits1 of cooked loin steaks from young bulls. Variable Breed Type (BT) 2 Postmortem treatment (PT )3 SEM P­value BRAH F1ANG F1CHI F1ROM F1SIM ES+AGING AGING ES Control BT PT BTxPT Juiciness 5.18 5.04 5.25 5.07 5.13 5.11 5.10 5.20 5.12 0.11 0.61 0.51 0.08 MFT 4.89 abc 5.13 a 5.03 ab 4.48 bc 4.31 c 5.15 a 4.94 b 4.61 c 4.36 d 0.18 0.02 < 0.01 0.61 OVT 4.55 abc 4.78 a 4.67 ab 4.05 bc 3.91 c 4.87 a 4.62 b 4.19 c 3.90 d 0.20 0.04 < 0.01 0.57 AMCT 4.18 ab 4.42 a 4.29 ab 3.75 bc 3.54 c 4.42 a 4.25 a 3.86 b 3.63 c 0.19 0.02 < 0.01 0.59 FLVORI 5.90 5.89 5.87 5.91 5.94 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 0.03 0.99 0.60 0.37 WBSF, N 43.93 37.95 41.58 45.11 50.11 37.85 a 41.78 b 45.80 b 49.33 c 2.84 0.21 < 0.01 0.62 1 Based on a descriptive scale for juiciness, muscle fiber tenderness (MFT), overall tenderness (OVT), amount of connective tissue (AMCT), and flavor intensity (FLVORI); where, 1=extremely dry, extremely tough, extremely tough, extremely tough, abundant amount of connective tissue, and extremely bland, respectively; and 8=extremely juicy, extremely tender, extremely tender, extremely tender, negligible amount of connective tissue, and extremely intense, respectively. 2 Purebred Brahman (BRAH), F1­Angus (F1ANG), F1­Chianina (F1CHI), F1­Romosinuano (F1ROM) and F1­Simmental F1SIM). 3 Vacuum aging for 10 d (AGING), Electrical stimulation (ES); Electrical stimulation plus 10­d vacuum aging (ES+AGING), Control (no ES, no AGING). a,b,c,d Least squares means within a row lacking a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05). Variation of sensory traits of loins Variation in WBSF and sensory traits of bullock loins according to breed type, postmortem treatment, and first­order interaction is shown in Table 3. No significant breed type x postmortem treatment interaction was observed for the sensory variables under study (P > 0.05). Breed type and postmortem treatment affected the variation of ratings for tenderness and amount of connective tissue (P < 0.01). Ratings for juiciness and flavor intensity did not vary with breed type or postmortem treatment (P > 0.05). Steaks from F1ANG received higher ratings for muscle fiber tenderness, overall tenderness, and amount of connective tissue than those from F1ROM and F1SIM (P < 0.05), which received the lowest ratings. F1ANG steaks were described as “slightly tender”, “slightly tough”, and “moderate amount of connective tissue”, respectively. In contrast, F1SIM steaks were described as “slightly tough”, “moderately tough”, and “slightly abundant”, respectively. Steaks from BRAH and F1CHI, types received intermediate rating values and did not differ from those of F1ANG (P > 0.05) (Table 3). Regarding the effects of postmortem technologies, beef samples from the dual­treatment (ES+AGING) received higher ratings for tenderness­related traits compared to ES, AGING, and control (NOES­ NOAGING) samples (Table 3; P < 0.05). ES+AGING samples were described as “slightly tender” for muscle fiber tenderness, “slightly tough” for overall tenderness, with a “moderate” amount of connective tissue (P > 0.05). AGING samples ranked second in response to the tenderizing effects, followed by ES and NOES­NOAGING control counterparts. ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 268 Table 4. Distribution of tender steaks according to breed type and postmortem treatment Source Tender steaks, n (%) Breed type 1 Brahman 17 (42.5) F1­Angus 26 (65.0) F1­Chianina 20 (50.0) F1­Romosinuano 17 (42.5) F1­Simmental 10 (25.0) Postmortem treatment 2 Electrical stimulation plus 10­d vacuum aging 36 (72.0) 10­d vacuum aging 24 (48.0) Electrical stimulation 18 (36.0) Control 12 (24.0) The proportion of tender steaks was calculated using a threshold value for tenderness classes (Tender: WBSF < 37.98 N and Tough: WBSF > 37.98 N) as described by Rodas et al. (2009). 1 Chi­square analysis indicated the distribution of tender steaks was different among breed types (P < 0.01). 2 Chi­square analysis indicated the distribution of tender steaks was different among postmortem treatments (P < 0.01). The distribution of tender steaks according to breed type x postmortem treatment is presented in Table 5. It is noteworthy that within the NOES­NOAGING groups, half of the F1ANG steaks tended to be classified as tender (P = 0.07), whereas lower proportions of tender steaks (0 to 30 %) were found in NOES­NOAGING samples derived from the other breed types. The proportion of tender steaks from F1ANG progressively improved in 10 % increments in the following treatment order: ES, AGING, and ES+AGING. However, relative incremental proportions of tender steaks with the individual (ES or AGING) and ES+AGING technologies tended to be greater in other breed types. In fact, when compared to the NOES­NOAGING control, the proportion of tender steaks from BRAH increased by 30 percentage units with ES or AGING, and 70 percentage units when subjected to the ES+AGING treatment. In the end, all­breed types reached a similar proportion of tender steaks (P = 0.95) with the ES+AGING treatment. Table 5. Distribution of tender steaks according to breed type x postmortem treatment1 Postmortem treatment 3 Breed type 2 BRAH F1ANG F1CHI F1ROM F1SIM P­value 4 n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) ES+AGING 8 (80.0) 8 (80.0) 7 (70.0) 7 (70.0) 6 (60.0) 0.95 AGING 4 (40.0) 7 (70.0) 5 (50.0) 5 (50.0) 3 (30.0) 0.53 ES 4 (40.0) 6 (60.0) 5 (50.0) 3 (30.0) 1 (10.0) 0.12 Control 1 (10.0) 5 (50.0) 3 (30.0) 2 (20.0) 0 (0.00) 0.07 P­value5 0.01 0.68 0.41 0.14 0.01 1 The proportion of tender steaks was calculated using a threshold value for tenderness classes (Tender: WBSF < 37.98 N; Tough: WBSF > 37.98 N) as described by Rodas et al. (2009). 2 Purebred Brahman (BRAH), F1­Angus (F1ANG), F1­Chianina (F1CHI), F1­Romosinuano (F1ROM) and F1­Simmental F1SIM). 3 Electrical stimulation plus 10­d vacuum aging (ES+AGING), 10­d vacuum aging (AGING), Electrical stimulation (ES); Control (no ES, no AGING) 4 Comparison of frequency distribution among breed types within each postmortem treatment by Chi­square analysis. 5 Comparison among postmortem treatments within breed type by Chi­square analysis. Variation of shear force values and tenderness classes No breed type x postmortem treatment interaction on WBSF was detected (P > 0.05) (Table 3); and no differences in WBSF were detected among breed types (P > 0.05). The WBSF was affected by the postmortem treatment (P < 0.01). WBSF mean values were the lowest for ES+AGING (Table 3; P < 0.05), while ES­ or AGING­treated samples exhibited intermediate WBSF values. In relation to the NOES­NOAGING (control) group, the WBSF mean values decreased to 11.48 N when samples were subjected to the ES+AGING treatment, 7.55 N when samples were only aged, and 3.53 N when carcasses were only treated with ES (Table 3). Although WBSF was not significantly affected by breed type (Table 3), the distribution of steaks by tenderness class (Table 4) showed that F1ANG yielded the highest proportion of tender steaks, whereas F1SIM yielded the lowest (P < 0.01). Regarding postmortem treatments, ES+AGING resulted in the highest percentage of tender steaks followed by AGING and then ES (P < 0.01). Riera et al. ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 269 Crossbreeding and technologies effects on bull meat quality Discussion Overall, the group of Brahman­influenced bulls supplemented on tropical pasture were harvested at a young chronological age (< 30 mo.). All carcasses fell into the youngest maturity category (“A”) according to the skeletal, lean, and adipose maturity (described as “creamy” fat color) indicators and thus would be eligible to be classified as “Bullocks” by the USDA standards (USDA, 2017). Accordingly, a bullock is a bovine intact male younger than 30 mo. of age by dentition or by verified (chronological) age and its carcass must be in the “A” maturity range (USDA, 2017). Additionally, these bullock carcasses exhibited a thin backfat thickness (mean value of 1.44 mm). It is noteworthy that the mean back­fat thickness of carcasses in the present crossbreeding trial did not vary significantly with breed type and the corresponding mean values ranged between 1.12 mm (F1­Chianina) to 1.91mm (Purebred Brahman) (Riera­ Sigala et al., 2021). That purebred B. indicus types (Brahman) tend to exhibit thicker backfat thickness and/or more abundant (desirable) finish score than their B. taurus x B. indicus crossbred counterparts has been reported in previous works carried out under similar pasture­finish conditions (e.g., Barros Moreira et al., 2003; Jerez­Timaure and Huerta­Leidenz, 2009; Huerta­Leidenz et al., 2020). Lean carcasses from grass­fed bulls with less than 3.5 mm­thick backfat have been amply documented in the American tropics (Huerta­Leidenz et al., 2004; Jerez­Timaure and Huerta­Leidenz, 2009; Rodríguez et al., 2014, Jerez­Timaure et al., 2015; Anaruma et al., 2020; Huerta­Leidenz et al., 2021; Torrecilhas et al., 2021). Dolezal et al. (1982) reported that beef carcasses with 2.54 mm of fat cover were rated the lowest (P < 0.05) for myofibrillar tenderness and had the highest (P < 0.05) WBSF values. Sensory quality increased as fat thickness increased up to 7.61 mm (Dolezal et al., 1982). Thus, the extreme leanness is an important reason why these young bulls may have a high propensity to cold shortening and subsequent meat toughness, as suggested by Seideman et al. (2007). In fact, Pflanzer et al. (2019) found shorter sarcomere lengths in gluteus medius (GM) of F1 Angus x Nellore bullocks (ca. 13 mo. of age and 440 kg live weight) that had been raised on a feedlot for 107 d and subjected to both delayed chilling and control (conventional chilling), indicating the suffering of cold shortening. According to the early work of Jeremiah (1996) in Canada, a minimum constraint of 8.0 mm of a subcutaneous fat thickness (in Continental B. taurus crossbred carcasses) should provide 90 % of consumer acceptability based on palatability without the need for postmortem technologies. Among several antemortem factors, the genetic background notably affects the variation of most meat quality traits (Warner et al., 2010). It is well known that steers with a heavy influence of Bos indicus under feedlot­finishing in Australia (Schutt et al., 2009), Brazil (Pereira et al., 2015), and North America (Wright et al., 2018) are more likely to produce tougher meat. It has been noted that as the proportion of Brahman genetics increases, the sensory panel scores of loin steak tenderness, connective tissue, and juiciness decrease (Phelps et al., 2017; Wright et al., 2018). Genetic groups with increasing Brahman percentage have exhibited greater postmortem calpastatin content at 24­h postmortem and a concomitant reduction in calpain­1 autolysis and activity (Wright et al., 2018); hence, meat from cattle with a greater percentage of Brahman genetics has shown impaired proteolysis (reduced degradation of troponin­T, desmin, and titin) which is probably the reflection of a greater calpastatin activity (Wright et al., 2018). Regarding meat quality, the sensory ratings for loin steaks of this bull sample varied little with breed type. The lack of significant variation in WBSF due to breed type and the very similar sensorial performance of the purebred Brahman to most F1 B. taurus was unexpected because, under pasture finishing, relevant effects of heterosis on textural quality of bull meat under grass­feeding conditions had been reported by Gama et al. (2013). In the latter study, steaks from pasture­finished crossbred commercial bulls (between 26 and 40 mo. of age) showed a considerable reduction in WBSF (26 % of the purebred mean at 24 h and 18 % after 10 d of aging). There are few scientific reports comparing bull meat quality traits of purebred B. indicus vs. B. taurus x B. indicus crossbreds produced under extensive (only grass­feeding) or semi­extensive (supplementation on pasture) tropical conditions. Comparable sensory ratings (all score means below 3.5 on a 1­8 identical descriptive scale) had previously been found among six breed types (Purebred Brahman, F1 Gelvieh, F1 Romosinuano, F1 Limousin, F1 Angus, and 3∕4 Bos taurus) of young bulls supplemented on pasture at the same ranch (Jerez­ Timaure and Huerta­Leidenz, 2009). In some instances, the result from sensory evaluations contradicts those from WBSF measurements. Huerta­Leidenz et al. (1997) in a preliminary, non­controlled observational study conducted in Venezuela, had reported that steaks from harvest cattle classified as Zebu type (predominantly Brahman) were significantly rated as less tender, with a greater amount of connective tissue than other B. ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 270 taurus­influenced cattle. However, steaks from the Zebu type exhibited significantly lower WBSF values than those derived from the B. taurus­influenced types (Huerta­Leidenz et al., 1997). Contrarily, a study comparing Brahman and/or Charolais crosses with Thai native cattle (Asian B. indicus) reported that Charolais x Thai bulls exhibited lower WBSF values than Brahman x Thai bulls although both genotypes were analogous in sensory traits (Waritthitham et al., 2010). Also, it seems that the B. taurus or B. indicus type used in crossbreeding experiments affects the outcome in terms of eating quality response because Diniz et al. (2016) found that steaks from F1 Guzerat × Holstein crosses presented lower WBSF values than F1 Guzerat × Nellore and 1/2 Simmental x 1/4 Guzerat x 1/4 Nellore. Leal­Gutiérrez et al. (2018) classified steers into six different groups based on Angus composition (from 100 to 0% blood Angus). These authors found that cattle with more than 80 % Angus composition presented lower WBSF than animals with ≤ 60 % Angus composition; however, animals between 62 to 79 % Angus blood presented intermediate values. The results of our crossbreeding trial showed a similar trend to the findings of Leal­Gutierrez et al. (2018) because the group with 50 % Angus (F1ANG) trended to exhibit a lower mean WBSF value than the 100 % Brahman; however, the magnitude of such difference did not reach statistical significance. The introduction of heat­tolerant B. taurus breeds such as Senepol has been proposed as an alternative to improve the quality of beef in Tropical America. However, Jerez­Timaure et al. (2015) found no differences in WBSF when comparing young bulls from three Senepol x Brahman crosses (½ Senepol­½ Brahman; ¾ Senepol­¼ Brahman and ⅞ Senepol­⅛ Brahman). The latter experience indicates that when bulls are fed on pasture, despite their relatively young age (< 30 mo.) and irrespective of the proportion of the B. taurus (Senepol) genetics, the meat toughness is difficult to alleviate. Effects of postmortem treatments The ES is a widely used technology in the beef industry to mitigate cold­ shortening­induced meat toughness by accelerating the glycolysis rate and the onset of rigor mortis while reducing the calpastatin activity which accelerates proteolysis (Ferguson et al., 2000; Savell et al., 2005, Li et al., 2012; Adeyemi and Sazili, 2014; Sami et al., 2015). In fact, ES has improved tenderness of the longissimus muscle from carcasses with strong Bos indicus influence (Ferguson et al., 2000). The application of ES alone or in combination with blade tenderization in Bos indicus­influenced cattle has been reported by Huerta­Leidenz et al. (1997). In the latter report, ES resulted as the most effective individual method for improving the meat quality of bulls (Huerta­Leidenz et al., 1997). Nevertheless, in the present study, ES was less effective than AGING in tenderizing bullocks’ loins. The discrepancy of different reports about the effectiveness of ES in improving beef tenderness could be due to diverging technological parameters (frequency, voltage, stimulation duration, time of application) used by researchers; hence, the ES effectiveness varies from minimal to dramatic (Gursansky, 2010). Individually considered, vacuum aging was more efficacious than ES at improving loin tenderness in the present study. Other promising tenderization results with the use of vacuum aging have been documented in beef from cattle finished on pasture or grain in tropical areas (Huerta­Leidenz et al., 2004; Rodas­ González et al., 2007; Vilella et al., 2019). Steaks from Senepol x Nellore young bulls, vacuum aged for 7 or 14 days, exhibited significantly lower WBSF values and higher ratings in flavor intensity, amount of connective tissue, and fiber tenderness than non­aged samples (Huerta­Leidenz et al., 2004). In the latter study, the vacuum aging treatment increased the proportion of tender loin steaks from 42.9 % (aged for 2 d) to 71.4 % (aged for 14 d). According to Sami et al. (2015) to effectively tenderize longissimus muscles (i.e., by reaching a WBSF < 43.0 N) the vacuum aging period had to last at least 21 d. In fact, Vilella et al. (2019) reported that 28 d­vacuum­aged samples resulted in lower WBSF values than those from the control group, and 87 % of the aged steaks were classified as tender (WBSF < 40.1 N). The most effective postmortem treatment in the present experiment was the ES+AGING because 72 % of the steaks were classified as tender (WBSF values < 4.09 kg; P < 0.05), which was 48 % superior to the control 2d­aged steaks. In previous studies, the significant differences in WBSF values between B. indicus and B. taurus breeds disappeared after applying ES+AGING. Ferguson et al. (2000) reported that WBSF values for ES­treated steaks derived from 100% B. indicus reached similar values to ES­treated steaks from 100% B. taurus counterparts at 7 d of aging. When compared to the control samples, ES+AGING treated loins from BRAH, F1CHI, F1SIM, and F1ROM had a marked increase in tender steaks, which was not the case for the F1ANG counterparts. This finding supports previous observations (Huerta­Leidenz et al., 2004), showing that postmortem technologies caused Riera et al. ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 Adeyemi, K. D., A. Q. Sazili. 2014. Efficacy of carcass electrical stimulation in meat quality enhancement: A review. Asian­Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 27: 447­456. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13463 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 271 Crossbreeding and technologies effects on bull meat quality relatively greater improvements in meat quality when applied to tougher meats than to those deemed as inherently tender. In conclusion, the tenderness of loins derived from young bulls supplemented on pasture is marginally improved by crossbreeding; however, Angus genetics may be more suitable for that purpose than other B. taurus breeds under study. Further research with larger sample size is needed to characterize the effects of breed type. Individually, ES or vacuum aging technologies may mitigate tenderness problems of loins from young bulls; however, the combination of ES and vacuum aging was the best strategy to improve tenderness ratings and ensure a higher proportion of tender steaks. Acknowledgments The authors thank Carlos Rodriguez Matos of Hato Santa Luisa Co. for providing animals, facilities, and logistics to support the crossbreeding experiment. Also, our gratitude to the personnel of Matadero Industrial Centro Occidental (MINCO) for their valuable assistance during cattle harvesting, carcass evaluation, and other experimental procedures performed at the MINCO beef processing plant. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest in the current manuscript. Literature Cited AMSA. 2016. Research Guidelines for Cookery, Sensory Evaluation, and Instrumental Tenderness Measurements of Meat. American Meat Science Association Educational Foundation. 105pp. Anaruma, R. J., L. G. Reis, P. E. de Felício, S. B. Pflanzer, S. Rossi, M. A. Zanetti, N. R. B. Cónsolo, S. L. Silva, A. Saran Netto. 2020. Castration age and growth, meat production, and meat quality of Nellore male cattle. Animal Production Science, 60: 725–731 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN18460 Barros Moreira, F. B., N. E. Souza, M. Matsushita, I. N. Prado, and W. G. Nascimento. 2003. Evaluation of carcass characteristics and meat chemical composition of Bos indicus x Bos taurus crossbred steers finished in pasture systems. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 46: 609­616. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516­ COVENIN. 1983. Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales. Norma venezolana 2072­83. Ganado bovino. Inspección Postmortem. p.10. Caracas, Venezuela. Decreto Presidencial No. 1896. 1997. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela No 36.242. Venezuela República Bolivariana. p. 4. Caracas, Venezuela. Diniz, F. B., S. D. J. Villela, M. H. F. Mourthé, P. V. R. Paulino, C. A. Boari, J. S. Ribeiro, J. A. Barroso, A. V. Pires, P. G. M. A. Martins. 2016. Evaluation of carcass traits and meat characteristics of Guzerat­ crossbred bulls. Meat Science, 112:58­62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.10.014 Dolezal, H. G., G. C. Smith, J. W. Savell, Z. L. Carpenter. 1982. Comparison of subcutaneous fat thickness, marbling, and quality grade for predicting palatability of beef. Journal of Food Science, 47: 397­401. Ferguson, D. M., S. T. Jiang, H. Hearnshaw, S.R. Rymill, J.M. Thompson. 2000. Effect of electrical stimulation on protease activity and tenderness of M. longissimus from cattle with different proportions of Bos indicus content. Meat Science, 55:265­272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309­1740(99)00131­X Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (MCT­FONACIT). 2002. Código de Bioética y Bioseguridad, 2nd ed.; Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ciencia, Tecnología e Industrias Intermedias y el Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación: Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 1–35. Available online: https://cupdf.com/download/bioetica­fonacit (accessed on 10 March 2020). Gama, L. T., M. C. Bressan, E. C. Rodrigues, L. V. Rossato, O. C. Moreira, S. P. Alves, R. J. B. Bessa. 2013. Heterosis for meat quality and fatty acid profiles in crosses among Bos indicus and Bos taurus finished on pasture or grain. Meat Science, 93: 98­ 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.005 ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 272 Gursansky, B., J. M. O’Halloran, A. Egan, C. E. Devine. 2010. Tenderness enhancement of beef from Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle following electrical stimulation. Meat Science, 86: 635­641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.05.002 Huerta­Leidenz, N., N. Jerez­Timaure, A. Rodas­ González, E. Márquez, M. Arispe, J. M. Rivero. 1997. Preliminary observations on the use of postmortem technologies to improve quality of beef derived from Venezuelan cattle differing in breed type, sex condition, and age. Revista Científica FCV­LUZ, 7:123­132. https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.p hp/cientifica/article/view/14284 Huerta­Leidenz, N., N. Jerez­Timaure, O. Morón­ Fuenmayor, E. R. Urdaneta, R. Caro. 1996. Experiences during training of a descriptive taste panel at a packing house of Venezuela. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 46:47­53. https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/1996/1/a rt­10/ Huerta­Leidenz, N., A. Rodas­González, G. C. Smith. 2004. Effect of vacuum aging and influence of sire on palatability of beef longissimus from grass­fed F1 Senepol x Zebu bulls. Revista Científica FCV­LUZ, 14:1­14. https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.p hp/cientifica/article/view/15053 Huerta­Leidenz, N., A. Ruiz­Flores, J. Valerio­ Hernández, N. Jerez­Timaure, A. Rodas­González. 2020. Bullock carcass performance trends in Brahman and F1 crosses fattened on tropical pastures. NACAMEH, 14: 16–30. https://www.doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/na cameh/2020v14n1/Huerta Huerta­Leidenz, N., N. Jerez­Timaure, S. Godoy, C. Rodríguez­Matos, O. Araujo­Febres. 2021. Fattening performance and carcass traits of implanted and supplemented grass­fed bulls. Revista Científica FCV­LUZ, 31 (2): 53­60. https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.p hp/cientifica/article/view/36161 Jeremiah, L. E. 1996. The influence of subcutaneous fat thickness and marbling in beef. Food Research International, 29: 513­520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963­9969(96)00049­X Jerez­Timaure, N., G., Martínez, M., González. 2015. Commercial value of beef carcass and meat from Senepol x Brahman bulls in Venezuela. Revista Científica FCV­LUZ, 25(6):462­470. Jerez­Timaure, N., N. Huerta­Leidenz. 2009. Effects of breed type and supplementation during grazing on carcass traits and meat quality of bulls fattened on improved savannah. Livestock Science, 121:219­226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.015 Leal­Gutiérrez, J. D., M. A. Elzo, D. D. Johnson, T. L. Scheffler, J. M. Scheffler, R. G. Mateescu. 2018. Association of μ­calpain and calpastatin polymorphisms with meat tenderness in a Brahman­Angus population. Frontiers in Genetics, 9: 1­10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00056 Li, C. B., J. Li, G. H. Zhou, R. Lametsch, P. Ertbjerg, D. A. Bruggemann, H. G. Huang, A. H. Karlsson, M. Hviid, K. Lundstrom. 2012. Electrical stimulation affects metabolic enzyme phosphorylation, protease activation, and meat tenderization in beef. Journal of Animal Science, 90: 1638−1649. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011­4514 Montero, A., N. Huerta­Leidenz, A. Rodas­González, L. L. Arenas de Moreno. 2014. Fabrication, and variation of the cut­out yield of beef carcasses in Venezuela: Anatomical description of the process and equivalency of cut nomenclature to North American counterparts. NACAMEH, 8:1­22. http://www.doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/nac ameh/2014v8n1/Montero Nair, M. N., A. C. V. C. S. Canto, G. Rentfrow, S. P. Suman. 2019. Muscle­specific effect of aging on beef tenderness. LWT, 100:250­252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.038 Pereira, A. S. C., F. Baldi, R. D. Sainz, B. L. Utembergue, H. L. J. Chiaia, C. U. Magnabosco, F. R. Manicardi, F. R. C. Araujo, C. F. Guedes, R. C. Margarido, P. R. Leme, P. J. A. Sobral. 2015. Growth performance, and carcass and meat quality traits in progeny of Poll Nellore, Angus, and Brahman sires under tropical conditions. Animal Production Science, 55:1295­1302. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13505 Pflanzer, S. B., C. L. Gomes, P. E. de Felicio. 2019. Delayed carcass chilling improves tenderness of the beef gluteus medius muscle. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, v.54, e00099. https://doi.org/10.1590/ S1678­ 3921.pab2019.v54.00099. Phelps, K. J., D. D. Johnson, M. A. Elzo, C. B. Paulk, J. M. Gonzalez. 2017. Effect of Brahman genetics on myofibrillar protein degradation, collagen crosslinking, and tenderness of the longissimus lumborum. Journal of Animal Science, 95:5397­5406. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2017.2022 Riera­Sigala, T., N. Huerta­Leidenz, N. Jerez­Timaure, A. Rodas­González, J. Ordoñez­Vela, A. Moya. 2021. Preliminary observations on carcass traits and meat yield of five types of Brahman­influenced grass­fed bulls. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 29(1­2): 67­78. https://doi.org/10.53588/alpa.291208 Riera et al. ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAYAAABjyArgAAAQ1klEQVR42oVaaWxVxxX2ezaV CtgURaI0YByDN7wCPyK1CTuFpsWsjUraEraIVpEIBhISwNhACElpCxgIkIDZ1AS8vGcbDHjf sPFuNpsQhTUkqfojZfsTYT+fznfuO/PmXT+nTxrm+t6ZMzPfnPnOMgT1kicsyBFEQU5VzNpe vO+dIQ7r7yD17HT6fzfbBBvvpIT42jqCjX7BRu2wjeMM6juGtA229f8/c+8j1xlg3fa5OQPM wfvsCA4wN2MuPdStYPJ+PF9yjkrLS6i8soyqa6uopq6aai/W0KWmBmpsvsSlqaWRWtqaqf1y G125coU6OjrUcwd1XLlMre0t/B01+tY01FJ1fQ1V1lVQRW05FZeeo7MlxVRSdoEKzxRQ0dlC rguK3VzyCnPptOsUv3MXuijPlcu1qyCfcvNzuC4oclN+UR63zXGfptyCHP77VP7nLAPv8t15 dKa4iPujPWr0xXv8Lc+nXTnkPqvGL8rXxVWQq8Y6pcbN47HRDmPjGUX6o5Y5og3mjLFdZ/J5 bihBA7xAA+ALpee5VFSVU2V1BdXV1zKwKAC0raOVrl6/Ql1fdNL169epq6uLbty4wc+or127 xiADbACMPtiQhsZ6BXCVAriSgT5XVqxAPsN10flCtUCXBleAxYJMcFFkgQIWL14Bi4KFQQ4W im+yaJdLgeTOp8JCtYEF1ncpaHP23Bk6nXuKQT2d+5kXVF8bGRPzkr8BbE7eaQ0+/uZN936H XAEYc7M0eoCTtRfgQvPqL13kAnChqZevdnDZvuN9mv7raTRo0CCmB00Rqh48eDDN/M0s+mjn 3+jKtcvcHn2h0U3tzVR7qY61uLymjM6Xn6OSSqXF5wq4AGAAhMlhMekZmyguPrYPLcWOjaFN mzfqhYkWC8imZqGkp2+kuLgYnp/DoIv4xLH03sZ3tYYDYFN7of2itRgLbXk+NpqJiYumDZve 0xsmYOM0YV04jUwX6ACtBbigBqEDaCyAytq3h8IjRmpQHQ6Hfpa/g4OD9d/Dhw+nAwcO0LXO q6zNQjHQ4Or6KgYZGlxcepbOXCjiBRWfP0sHDn3Mixdgp06dSqtWraK1a9fSpEmT9OKwWMxJ jqbrjFtRRZ6mkf3791JMTJSeJ/pCxpo1a2jixIk8VygGNuzjg/t5o5hq3DkMsmz0wU8OMIiy RsiBDMjC3PA+JCSEEhIS6ODBg5b2AuhiN8vDprPNwWKqaioZYAEDlNB54zrNmZfq2zklcNiw YbRkyRLKyMig6upqLlu2bOF3YWFhPHkMirYLfj+f5QFoppvWBga4rLqUNRgFdAFwj588RoPD BvE48xfOo1t3vqLe3l7Cr6enh2u8w3xgWMJ+FsoAYEEAN8edy5x+9Hg2DRkSyuMvXLiQ7ty5 o+V0d3dzjXezZ8/msTDmx5/uZzCEh7Fxx04cteaj1j5//ny6e/cu9/V4PFxD5u2vbtGCefN5 LKzdN58cLgBac7AJLo44wP1d6m8tK6kEPPfccwzqw4cP9YRlQO+Y/Dty5KgG2tK2scznHVfa FVU00sWmOqpqUJx8UfFxRbHFyYoLE5LieRxslPwArGiPLOzZs2d04sQJfhcVM0YfS2guuJFP gOqzbNkyvTGkprv7n7voj4te42f5nTx5ktcXkxDNgAi3ox6bENdnPt98/YCaLjVSc2MTfX3v PsvydPfQ0aNHacCAAaztphEG2NapU4OItwDNhcaZmjt+/Hi6fft2nx3UC9BgW/Xjx48pKSlJ H2loJOimuaOJGlrqqfpSNZXXlVNpTQnz8ebMdG63YMECNpoiHz+hHVOT8W3u3LkMjnAgQAE/ Q86ECRPo0KFDer5Zu/fQ8GE/pyGhYbT+7Xfo3r17Wk7q3DncZ2PmBu1dQCbWjjFgwPHDpkZG vECjX4jkGqXs/AVrw1ThE6H6bEzfwKdBjLZ18tWHiw11zJcAYnfWLu3jJY9L0lprgmuCLcD6 ag+DnJiYaPGgkr93fxa1XW2nxrYmqm2qpZrGGiqrtaiCDYgC8f79+4ZM/7HkJ3/jmEM2+E+4 l7VOzTsqKopGjx5NL/3yV/TXlX8hZ5CDtmRk0o7tH5BDjZOXk6s1+c69uzy/MXFR2osRAyu0 AI2NCB9FE196mZYtWUrvrnubxiiAoyNH88mALMwHfTAH7UWozdIaLD4u6GFE+POa52DkPAYH iBbZgTBpQto9ffpU8eEQHuQXI4bTjZtdDDJzsdJiaDD4GN+nTJmiORIgouB4iqFasWKF/i5t Jk+ezN/Y0CmAIWfy1Em0bt06Wr9+PY1RAEDTXhgVQe8oUL775lv6ouuGPtqyWRMnv6x8VgdT DDYLgE+ZNpm/P3r0iD499AnL+cfOv1Nvj4f7n8g+SpEK9PEp4yx5CgCMjTmIVwO6sDRY/QNw ob0ffLhdRyfgXH8K8GjwTM0yNdp8j3bHjx9nkBzBTtqyLVPRRAtzcV1jreJhy23DglavXq1l yTimtwKrb4KPHyw62sCXhYHDnNPW+uQ0XKxnYKG1UtatWUs3OrsYFAYLctalcV94M9gsrP+t tFX87cmTJ0wLMVHRFBsdowG+f/sOA4xv//72O267es1b3BfBBjjdj4NBD9Be7BwWDO2FcFlM ZWUlpaam0rRp02jGjBnsOQjQ8CRgaaFR06dPpz179vhtwtChQxmkWa/M5E1su9qq/GIV4dVX WACrSQAsOxXY3UKRJyCnpaXxNzFMvFFqkT4hVnlw/2t6b/27NGHceK3Rr/1hEZWXlnGztDQL GKEac6Ow2SWKa+PjxlJ1ZZWW+R8FapSXj0ElmA/GRl/xImSzWIMBLoxb6JDBvJjly5frBVVV VelFmloFsAsLC33xveEbo78FBvFRxzvIhncCQyceRWlVCfeHLDkBosUrV67U2guvwNRe/MQX 5eit0EcRGl+lbY/++5CyDx+hnmfd1HW9k2kDAKMOHzGS/eJJk17mvhKkQOaUKT45ZWVlbOTa Wlo1wOBxaC9kyW/ajKksB/zL0aloMMCRUJiNmwJx9+7dejGwyhg0IiKCvQlobGRkpHLJjljf lOYkpSTSgwcPVEhawAYG33p7LW4GTTBQIcE6eKlvvsiBBzSYPQ6vkbP/ZMNkLnDT8MNYeJ+Q lGhFUgpgCVLE4yFPLy3+058ZiJSkZBqXnKJpwp3vooz0zRQePoKjvLj4aJ3zSEgYy+9u3brl dT2P8Hqhrdu2bKXt295njR41Mpw+OXiIlQFjAgcYSGgvojjI0xqMsPbLL7/UC6qvr9fHXDR3 27ZteuFicPibEpKxZTN5SLUnj3HMyUsv1Tqkvt51jX1i5CgEZHA9/OY5c+b48TcmjqBF+Nf0 LNAW7zemb7JyAApghLRQlgUL5qmN+MHiyrv3GJSRz4+gQT8dSHv3ZNHTx0/YyOH73LmpPK8N m9bzkQbAmzZt8AYq8zEqj7l161aKGj2GQYZHgROwNm0NnxDMddGiRby5HMorIwce9jNyWDR8 UAl5wbl2LQLAHpu7wN9U/8ytGQyuCbB4FzU1dVrGzZs3+bTA50ZUhxAdGbz4+HjexNdffz2g BpvjIlTFO/TJd1v8m19k1Qh/rUBjidZiAPnRjg91oCHgrl71FrdFH4TI6A9jiaMdGxvNWrxk yWJ9epqbm8mVl88FhlKMpMwHgYZk1aDBTDdi5CQ0luAAvrC4ZAg0IGDUqFHs3yJFCboA4Ckp KQxMcnIyf7t8+TIfp82bN2tAjp04ruVCg2FQm1ubOLhB7gPp0VM5n+tQGQ4+BwO9XgXy1ngH zcVRHBQ6kHMX4qJJlo1D5aFh3CZ17mzln97y037xoSEHyjR48EDOR7DVL/Rlwo6fzLbskZKD oOvOvdusPB6Pz1UEpfF8vPYFciSqlKI1GLyIxcsil7+xTE8MvBooyQNtKyoq6pNZM40c+sPl wUTFyEkCCOE5MnjQYOSIAbIEHSjJiSm0YtkbtGb1Wt5Ay92zNO7QpwfZb4WLJmlE8Sayjx3R 2S+0hxJgPvBUEPxIriQmJsbKHyhAkc2T3DJn9tQ75COiY6N08glB1xsrV9Cbb77JMmW9GGv/ gX06XSmnALbBMv6qM/K3oAmEtZK8MIMKeBLQLFh7BAXCx/jmdrvZdbMs8iTmVBwr4emIyFG8 UFh4AIyxJB1aVlFKFyrOc24YKT5k18ClickJffzguLg4DkUloQJLDa5DehA1GxZV8zFV4KOt ACS+Pece1FHGN52SNPLKkgJl0L25YPAq+ujbCzUfaH9sbCylp6f7XRCI5grQOlRGoCGpSUnD mZ6E3biZAYEZ4dl92WPHjml62PHRB/rWgzlY0QO0F/kIAIz0JWuQ3By4XFywgSiS1BYw5EYD G/NZ7r+0cRHg+LbESIbjvZkg18+q3+d5n/EcBFzxAszbEJGDU4v5YG443dJO6EraiW/OAMOq t7e3U2dnp3JdwnUGDXxlJllM8OxZNdOHxQ+hcmhoKA+C8BsUBK4HwDBuKAAZAMsNB/uQ3oXL hKXoWwNv/hZgAhz7s9wmiLsk2S1oPLSdDdBZ4ypK9ZWEvSTZZWxzMyTfK5sOcFELHZi3HLIx WoNxZFtbW9lIZWdna34ZN24cGy8zijK1NlDIjBoJIvi3fMzVIHv27mZXEPQAgGHgAPC5C8UM MC9YLZSvkby7b2qNTBiTFyoQDZa7MHmWuzmAarZDEa6Vuzux+kwT3qycAGUCJ+/4dClgWXMV 0Ai07Mog8wZFeNO9FsdlZmayFuO+bfHixT5jowwMgDeBNKnC7rvC2sMIIEcqiW/c2YEeQBN+ N7LGTSwMgiPArbLfza15Kxzc90ZY2nIb+y240Q7XZPZ3jmD/72Y/yYvbDb24qeYc8SztvcX3 BzJR0GRQBYCR98gnIP/w/fff90n+CNDIXWCTkEGTE/Diiy8yuNggyfv6LdjRDwjOvv9VwA60 eUemAXP2898PnLbF9/O9v6t/SQUEShmIPJ6DKcfnWVkdpBN8WGgygJE8Ar6hMbyLpUuXcmQD z6Kmpoaf8Q7fxAVCefXVV1kGrvdxZxVo9+3vTM9FrLU9s2YGILKRpototjETRdJGTp1esw1Q 01sQWaJEIs8eCMkc7Bvgrf0XDZDgagFkRHdIdIwcObLPQvx20XhGQLJ3717WWgQlhw8f7gNs IDmo7bcY8owcBCjHfBfwuNoiP1EM2TCzPzZTbISdIkQDzY2Sy1070PbNNZVVUwQ6mjfDaIAb 3ba2Ni64OsnKyqKZM2daSfQg/4ng2n7WrFm0b98+1lhsDGqcBvvgMiENbJCTS7AjhJ790K0z Vs6gYH6PGt8QzUlbeYcS4hyg3+OZ2/ZabXt7rBp90ceUYW6sCZJ5CmXT7Rtv0mN/p0mDbKIN 4fI3GiJbVlxcTC0tLQwYjjwKAMd/QkHgAKMIQPk/nyiNRYGvKOlEkWVuoB/oXsAYCC+wKJ7u Xg0e6p5nHgbPBFmeBwT/xAecAaiALYCLfH5vox6Zn32eAphoq9lPToYYdGlvAznwcTN3FVHa zp07mXfhyyKXgMAE0R8AhZYjQbRr1y6O5gIZA3MiWIQcJWkjfCvuXyBeNdtq3jMAx0bYqUD+ lj6S8jSBtWudtLVfwArA9ucfW2uQXb1l8f1xCiyqafXNxQbiZrv22oH7sY21G49A45hajtqu kYFsTCC59nX2198+D5NSzGdd1CYMDHh07Vrt6N/aBuTWAP8DyNQYu7boNgHcNTFA4i7ZN0Fk BFxgfy6a8R9q7EZXb54hLxCFBALZ1F4o+P8AIUGW4rYPyhAAAAAASUVORK5CYII= 273 Crossbreeding and technologies effects on bull meat quality Riera­Sigala, T., A. Rodas­González, C. Rodríguez­ Matos, J. Avellaneda­Barbarito, N. Huerta­Leidenz. 2004. Rasgos de crecimiento y pesos en canal de toros Brahman puros y F1 Brahman x Bos taurus criados y cebados semi­intensivamente en sabana mejorada. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 12: 66­72. https://ojs.alpa.uy/index.php/ojs_files/article/vie w/19 Riley, D. G., C. C. Chase Jr., S. W. Coleman, W. A. Phillips, M. F. Miller, J. C. Brooks, D. D. Johnson, T. A. Olson. 2012. Genetic effects on carcass quantity, quality, and palatability traits in straightbred and crossbred Romosinuano steers. Journal of Animal Science, 90(7):2159. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011­4471 Rodas­González, A., J. Vergara­López, L. Arenas de Moreno, N. Huerta­Leidenz, M. Leal, M. F. Pirela. 2007. Effect of supplementation regimes and vacuum ageing on palatability of beef longissimus from Criollo Limonero steers fattened on pasture. Revista Científica FCV­LUZ, 17:1­8. Rodas­González, A., N. Huerta­Leidenz, N. Jerez­ Timaure, M. F. Miller. 2009. Establishing tenderness thresholds of Venezuelan beef steaks using consumer and trained sensory panels. Meat Science, 83:218­223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.04.021 Rodríguez, J., J. Unruh, M. Villarreal, O. Murillo, S. Rojas, J. Camacho, J. Reinhardt, C. 2014. Carcass and meat quality characteristics of Brahman cross bulls and steers finished on tropical pastures in Costa Rica. Meat Science, 96, 1340­1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.10.024 Sami, A., E. Mills, J. F. Hocquette. 2015. Relationships between DNAJA1 expression and beef tenderness: Effects of electrical stimulation and postmortem aging in two muscles. International Journal of Agricultural Biology, 17:815­820. doi:10.17957/IJAB/14.0024 SAS. SAS/STAT User´s Guide. (Release 9.4). Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute, Inc.; 2012. Savell, J.W., S.L. Mueller, B.E. Baird. 2005. The chilling of carcasses. Meat Science, 70: 449­459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.027 Schutt, K. M., H. M. Burrow, J. M. Thompson, B. M. subtropical and temperate Australia. 2. Meat quality and palatability. Animal Production Science, 49: 452­460. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08082 Seideman, S. C., H. R. Cross, L. D. Crouse. 2007. Variations in the sensory properties of beef as affected by sex condition, muscle, and postmortem aging. Journal of Food Quality, 12(1): 39­58. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/hruskareports/6 6/ Torrecilhas, J. A., E. San Vito, G. Fiorentini, P. de Souza Castagnino, T. A. Simioni, J. F. Lage, T. T. Berchielli. 2021. Effects of supplementation strategies during the growing phase on meat quality of beef cattle finished in different systems. Livestock Science, 247:104465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104465 USDA. 2017. Official United States Standards for Grades of Carcass Beef. Washington, DC. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. Vilella, G. F., C. L. Gomes, C. T. Battaglia, M. T. B. Pacheco, V. S. N. da Silva, A. Rodas­González, S. B. Pflanzer. 2019. Effects of combined wet­and dry­ aging techniques on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of beef ribeye steaks from grain­ fed crossbred zebu steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 99(3):497­504. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas­2018­0127 Waritthitham, A., C. Lambertz, H. J. Langholz, M. Wicke, M. Gauly. 2010. Assessment of beef production from Brahman × Thai native and Charolais × Thai native crossbred bulls slaughtered at different weights. II: Meat quality. Meat Science, 85(1):196­200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.12.025 Warner, R.D., P.L. Greenwood, D.W. Pethick, D.M. Ferguson. 2010. Genetic and environmental effects on meat quality. Meat Science, 86:171­183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.042 Wright, S. A., P. Ramos, D. D. Johnson, J. M. Scheffler, M. A. Elzo, R. G. Mateescu, A. L. Bassa, C. C. Carra, T. L. Schefflera. 2018. Brahman genetics influence muscle fiber properties, protein degradation, and tenderness in an Angus­Brahman multi­breed herd. Meat Science, 135:84­93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.09.006 Bindon. 2009. Brahman and Brahman crossbred cattle growth on pasture and in feedlots in ISSN­L 1022­1301. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal. 2022. 30 (3): 263­273